-
The MTT assay application to measure the viability of spermatozoa: A variety of the assay protocols.Open Veterinary Journal 2021The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay is one of the methods used to evaluate the viability of sperm. In the assay, a... (Review)
Review
The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay is one of the methods used to evaluate the viability of sperm. In the assay, a tetrazolium component (MTT) is converted into MTT formazan by some specific enzymes in the viable cells. The amount of formazan product in theory is directly correlated with the percentage of viable sperms. It is quantified by measuring the absorbance using a spectrophotometer. The present article compiles the MTT assays that have been used to determine sperm viability in most animal species and humans. In each assay, other factors apart from the number of viable cells that potentially influence the accuracy and precision of results are stated, such as preparations of sperm and MTT solutions, length and conditions of incubation, and a solubilizing agent as well as the formazan detection method. Also, the strengths and shortcomings of the MTT test comparison with the others are summarized at the end of this article. This information may be useful for prospective researchers deciding to implement this colorimetric method in their experiments.
Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Cell Count; Humans; Male; Prospective Studies; Spectrophotometry; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 34307082
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2021.v11.i2.9 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2018Among the number of vital bleaching techniques currently available to the clinicians, home bleaching and in-office bleaching are widely used in dental practice.
BACKGROUND
Among the number of vital bleaching techniques currently available to the clinicians, home bleaching and in-office bleaching are widely used in dental practice.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this in vivo study was to compare the clinical performance, durability, and related tooth sensitivity with two vital bleaching procedures (in-office and at-home bleaching), in a split-mouth design.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Thirty adult participants having teeth shade mean of A2 or darker were selected for the study. One-half of the maxillary arch of each patient received in-office bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide gel, and the other half received 16% carbamide peroxide night guard bleaching. Shade evaluation was done with shade guide and spectrophotometer at 1, 2, 3, and 4 week intervals during bleaching and postoperatively at 3 and 6 month intervals. Tooth sensitivity was recorded using the visual analog scale during the experimental period.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Collected data of color and sensitivity readings were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS/PC version 20 software. Intergroup comparison through unpaired t-test and within the groups using paired t-test was done.
RESULTS
At-home and in-office bleaching procedures are equally effective in producing tooth whitening. Color evaluation after 3 and 6 months showed more color decline for in-office bleaching procedure. For sensitivity parameter also, in-office procedure recorded higher sensitivity compared to home bleaching (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Both the bleaching procedures are equally effective in producing tooth whitening. In-office bleaching recorded higher levels of tooth sensitivity and greater color rebound than home bleaching.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamide Peroxide; Color; Dentin Sensitivity; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Middle Aged; Spectrophotometry; Time Factors; Tooth; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Visual Analog Scale; Young Adult
PubMed: 30127190
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_688_16 -
Current Protocols in Molecular Biology Jan 2019We describe the procedure for inoculating overnight (starter) cultures of E. coli from a single colony, along with considerations for growing larger cultures. We also...
We describe the procedure for inoculating overnight (starter) cultures of E. coli from a single colony, along with considerations for growing larger cultures. We also include two methods for monitoring the number of cells per unit volume (density) of liquid cultures using a spectrophotometer and a hemacytometer or "count slide." © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Topics: Colony Count, Microbial; Culture Media; Escherichia coli; Spectrophotometry
PubMed: 30412369
DOI: 10.1002/cpmb.81 -
Dental Materials Journal Mar 2019This study aimed to evaluate color masking effect from treatments with resin infiltrant and two different remineralization agents applied with microabrasion to anterior...
This study aimed to evaluate color masking effect from treatments with resin infiltrant and two different remineralization agents applied with microabrasion to anterior teeth with developmental enamel defects. The incisors of patients aged 8-17 were evaluated. The study involved two groups including fluorosis (Group 1) and hypomineralization (Group 2) cases. These two groups were further divided based on the treatment received: Group A: Icon, Group B: Opalustre+Clinpro White Varnish, and Group C: Opalustre+Tooth Mousse. The spectrophotometric values were recorded. Furthermore, the L* and ΔE values were evaluated by repeated measures of ANOVA. The largest increase in L* values over time after treatment was in Group 1A, followed by Group 1C and Group 1B. The largest increase in ΔE values over time after treatment was in Group 1A. Clinically observable difference was achieved as a result of all treatment groups. Especially resin infiltration treatment has been found to be more effective in teeth with fluorosis.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Color; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Enamel Microabrasion; Humans; Resins, Synthetic
PubMed: 30713284
DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2018-074 -
Biopharm International 2018Ultraviolet (UV) absorbance measurements provide a rapid and reliable method to determine protein concentrations. the National Institute of standards and technology...
Ultraviolet (UV) absorbance measurements provide a rapid and reliable method to determine protein concentrations. the National Institute of standards and technology (NIST) has developed as a pathlength standard for UV absorbance measurements for use with the new generation of microvolume spectrophotometers and short-pathlength cuvettes. short pathlengths are used with high-concentration targets to ensure that absorbance values are within the optimal range. the short-pathlength instruments and cuvettes also reduce the required volumes to conserve valuable samples. the authors compared the results obtained with high-quality dual-beam spectrophotometers and short-pathlength cuvettes to the results obtained from a microvolume spectrophotometer and a microvolume plate reader. SRM 2082 can be used to accurately calculate pathlength values, thereby increasing the accuracy in subsequent measurements using the short-pathlength cuvettes and microvolume absorbance instruments. RM 8671 (reference material, the NISTmAb) can then be used to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of protein concentration measurements by providing an industrially relevant reference material, a well-characterized monoclonal antibody.
PubMed: 30996711
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 2017Color matching to the surrounding skin is extremely important in patients wearing maxillofacial prostheses. It is of utmost importance to know the different techniques... (Review)
Review
Color matching to the surrounding skin is extremely important in patients wearing maxillofacial prostheses. It is of utmost importance to know the different techniques of color matching and coloring in maxillofacial prostheses. The purpose of this study is to review the literature data with regard to color matching in maxillofacial prosthetics. An electronic search of peer review restricted to English language dental literature was conducted to identify the relevant scientific article on color matching and coloring in maxillofacial prostheses. The publication year was up to December 2015 so that the search could include all the articles provided in that particular database. Two independent observers independently read the abstracts and later preselected full-text articles. A full-text review was carried out only for 15 articles. Out of the 15 articles, 7 were related to coloring using tinting, spraying, milling, and use of commercial cosmetics. Three studies were related to shade matching in maxillofacial prostheses. Two studies conducted the measurement of color in maxillofacial prostheses. Only one study had explained color and its relevance in maxillofacial prosthetics. Only one study was done for reproducing silicone shade guide matching Indian skin color. In addition, a single pilot study was done to measure facial skin and lip color in a human population sample stratified by race, gender, and age. Currently, there is no evidence discussing the best technique available for perfectly matching the color for the fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses. However, the latest instruments such as spectrophotometer and colorimeters are believed to have improved efficiency in matching the color.
PubMed: 28216838
DOI: 10.4103/0972-4052.197935 -
Theriogenology Jun 2016This article is the result of the work of the andrology task-force of the Association of Applied Animal Andrology, American College of Theriogenologists, European... (Review)
Review
This article is the result of the work of the andrology task-force of the Association of Applied Animal Andrology, American College of Theriogenologists, European College of Animal Reproduction, Society for Theriogenology, and National Association of Animal Breeders. It is intended to serve as a comprehensive reference on methods to evaluate sperm concentration and to contribute to the adoption of best practices in veterinary andrology laboratories. The information covered in the article includes sample preparation and the use of manual counts, spectrophotometers, computer-assisted semen analysis, NucleoCounter, and flow cytometry. Emphasis is given to the principles of the methods and equipment, performing the evaluation, and common mistakes and/or pitfalls. In addition, the precision and accuracy of the different methods are also discussed.
Topics: Flow Cytometry; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Semen Analysis; Species Specificity; Specimen Handling; Spectrophotometry; Sperm Count
PubMed: 27045626
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.01.002 -
Cureus Mar 2022When fabricating a restoration, patient satisfaction with the shade match is essential. The patient's level of satisfaction may not be the same as that of the dental... (Review)
Review
When fabricating a restoration, patient satisfaction with the shade match is essential. The patient's level of satisfaction may not be the same as that of the dental practitioner. Esthetic expectations have dramatically increased in the last few years. Color and shade determination are generally considered difficult in dental practice. Most prostheses fail esthetically owing to improper shade selection. A good understanding of color shade guides is essential for precise shade matching, but the paucity of dental practitioners' knowledge of color science because of the numerous available shade guides creates a challenge. This comprehensive review sheds light on shade selection, different shade guides, and shade matching devices commonly used in dental practice. Studies published in PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Dentistry and Oral Science Source from the past 15 years were included.
PubMed: 35464532
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23331 -
PloS One 2022The spectrophotometer has been used for decades to measure the density of bacterial populations as the turbidity expressed as optical density-OD. However, the OD alone...
The spectrophotometer has been used for decades to measure the density of bacterial populations as the turbidity expressed as optical density-OD. However, the OD alone is an unreliable metric and is only proportionately accurate to cell titers to about an OD of 0.1. The relationship between OD and cell titer depends on the configuration of the spectrophotometer, the length of the light path through the culture, the size of the bacterial cells, and the cell culture density. We demonstrate the importance of plate reader calibration to identify the exact relationship between OD and cells/mL. We use four bacterial genera and two sizes of micro-titer plates (96-well and 384-well) to show that the cell/ml per unit OD depends heavily on the bacterial cell size and plate size. We applied our calibration curve to real growth curve data and conclude the cells/mL-rather than OD-is a metric that can be used to directly compare results across experiments, labs, instruments, and species.
Topics: Bacteria; Spectrophotometry
PubMed: 36228033
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276040 -
Dentistry Journal Oct 2023The pursuit of aesthetic excellence in dentistry, shaped by societal trends and digital advancements, highlights the critical role of precise shade matching in... (Review)
Review
The pursuit of aesthetic excellence in dentistry, shaped by societal trends and digital advancements, highlights the critical role of precise shade matching in restorative procedures. Although conventional methods are prevalent, challenges such as shade guide variability and subjective interpretation necessitate a re-evaluation in the face of emerging non-proximity digital instruments. This systematic review employs PRISMA protocols and keyword-based search strategies spanning the Scopus, PubMed.gov, and Web of Science databases, with the last updated search carried out in October 2023. The study aimed to synthesise literature that identified digital non-proximity recording instruments and associated colour spaces in dentistry and compare the clinical outcomes of digital systems with spectrophotometers and conventional visual methods. Utilising predefined criteria and resolving disagreements between two reviewers through Cohen's kappa calculator, the review assessed 85 articles, with 33 included in a PICO model for clinical comparisons. The results reveal that 42% of studies employed the CIELAB colour space. Despite the challenges in study quality, non-proximity digital instruments demonstrated more consistent clinical outcomes than visual methods, akin to spectrophotometers, emphasising their efficacy in controlled conditions. The review underscores the evolving landscape of dental shade matching, recognising technological advancements and advocating for methodological rigor in dental research.
PubMed: 37999014
DOI: 10.3390/dj11110250