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Journal of Bacteriology Aug 1977Polyamines were determined by n-butanol extraction and thin-layer chromatography in four trypanosomatids: Trypanosoma brucei (rat infection) and cultures of Crithidia... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Polyamines were determined by n-butanol extraction and thin-layer chromatography in four trypanosomatids: Trypanosoma brucei (rat infection) and cultures of Crithidia fasciculata, Leptomonas sp., and Trypanosoma mega. All had putrescine and spermidine but no detectable spermine. Putrescine and spermidine levels were quantitated for extracts of leptomonas during the normal growth cycle. Spermidine values peaked 18 h before peak cell populations. Spermidine-putrescine ratios for all organisms were related to the presumed phylogeny of the group.
Topics: Animals; Eukaryota; Putrescine; Spermidine; Spermine; Trypanosoma; Trypanosoma brucei brucei
PubMed: 885842
DOI: 10.1128/jb.131.2.657-661.1977 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023The aging of the global population has necessitated the identification of effective anti-aging technologies based on scientific evidence. Polyamines (putrescine,...
The aging of the global population has necessitated the identification of effective anti-aging technologies based on scientific evidence. Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are essential for cell growth and function. Age-related reductions in polyamine levels have been shown to be associated with reduced cognitive and physical functions. We have previously found that the expression of spermine oxidase (SMOX) increases with age; however, the relationship between SMOX expression and cellular senescence remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between increased SMOX expression and cellular senescence using human-liver-derived HepG2 cells. Intracellular spermine levels decreased and spermidine levels increased with the serial passaging of cells (aged cells), and aged cells showed increased expression of SMOX. The levels of acrolein-conjugated protein, which is produced during spermine degradation, also increases. Senescence-associated β-gal activity was increased in aged cells, and the increase was suppressed by MDL72527, an inhibitor of acetylpolyamine oxidase (AcPAO) and SMOX, both of which are enzymes that catalyze polyamine degradation. DNA damage accumulated in aged cells and MDL72527 reduced DNA damage. These results suggest that the SMOX-mediated degradation of spermine plays an important role in cellular senescence. Our results demonstrate that cellular senescence can be controlled by inhibiting spermine degradation using a polyamine-catabolizing enzyme inhibitor.
Topics: Humans; Spermidine; Spermine; Cellular Senescence; Aging; Polyamines
PubMed: 37686212
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713397 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Feb 2023Viruses produce more viruses by manipulating the metabolic and replication systems of their host cells. Many have acquired metabolic genes from ancestral hosts and use...
Viruses produce more viruses by manipulating the metabolic and replication systems of their host cells. Many have acquired metabolic genes from ancestral hosts and use the encoded enzymes to subvert host metabolism. The polyamine spermidine is required for bacteriophage and eukaryotic virus replication, and herein, we have identified and functionally characterized diverse phage- and virus-encoded polyamine metabolic enzymes and pathways. These include pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), pyruvoyl-dependent ODC and arginine decarboxylase (ADC), arginase, -adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC/), spermidine synthase, homospermidine synthase, spermidine -acetyltransferase, and -acetylspermidine amidohydrolase. We identified homologs of the spermidine-modified translation factor eIF5a encoded by giant viruses of the . Although AdoMetDC/ is prevalent among marine phages, some homologs have lost AdoMetDC activity and have evolved into pyruvoyl-dependent ADC or ODC. The pelagiphages that encode the pyruvoyl-dependent ADCs infect the abundant ocean bacterium , which we have found encodes a PLP-dependent ODC homolog that has evolved into an ADC, indicating that infected cells would contain both PLP- and pyruvoyl-dependent ADCs. Complete or partial spermidine or homospermidine biosynthetic pathways are found encoded in the giant viruses of the and , and in addition, some viruses of the can release spermidine from the inactive -acetylspermidine. In contrast, diverse phages encode spermidine -acetyltransferase that can sequester spermidine into its inactive -acetyl form. Together, the virome-encoded enzymes and pathways for biosynthesis and release or biochemical sequestration of spermidine or its structural analog homospermidine consolidate and expand evidence supporting an important and global role of spermidine in virus biology.
Topics: Polyamines; Spermidine; Ornithine Decarboxylase; Acetyltransferases
PubMed: 36802435
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214165120 -
Medical Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2021Putrescine, spermine, and spermidine are the important polyamines (PAs), found in all living organisms. PAs are formed by the decarboxylation of amino acids, and they... (Review)
Review
Putrescine, spermine, and spermidine are the important polyamines (PAs), found in all living organisms. PAs are formed by the decarboxylation of amino acids, and they facilitate cell growth and development via different cellular responses. PAs are the integrated part of the cellular and genetic metabolism and help in transcription, translation, signaling, and post-translational modifications. At the cellular level, PA concentration may influence the condition of various diseases in the body. For instance, a high PA level is detrimental to patients suffering from aging, cognitive impairment, and cancer. The levels of PAs decline with age in humans, which is associated with different health disorders. On the other hand, PAs reduce the risk of many cardiovascular diseases and increase longevity, when taken in an optimum quantity. Therefore, a controlled diet is an easy way to maintain the level of PAs in the body. Based on the nutritional intake of PAs, healthy cell functioning can be maintained. Moreover, several diseases can also be controlled to a higher extend via maintaining the metabolism of PAs. The present review discusses the types, important functions, and metabolism of PAs in humans. It also highlights the nutritional role of PAs in the prevention of various diseases.
Topics: Disease Management; Humans; Polyamines; Putrescine; Spermidine; Spermine
PubMed: 34207607
DOI: 10.3390/medsci9020044 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2023Honey bee health has been an important and ongoing topic in recent years. Honey bee is also an important model organism for aging studies. Polyamines, putrescine,...
Honey bee health has been an important and ongoing topic in recent years. Honey bee is also an important model organism for aging studies. Polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, are ubiquitous polycations, involved in a wide range of cellular processes such as cell growth, gene regulation, immunity, and regulation of lifespan. Spermidine, named longevity elixir, has been most analysed in the context of aging. One of the several proposed mechanisms behind spermidine actions is antioxidative activity. In present study we showed that dietary spermidine supplementation: (a) improved survival, (b) increased the average lifespan, (c) influenced the content of endogenous polyamines by increasing the level of putrescine and spermidine and decreasing the level of spermine, (d) reduced oxidative stress (MDA level), (e) increased the antioxidant capacity of the organism (FRAP), (f) increased relative gene expression of five genes involved in polyamine metabolism, and (g) upregulated vitellogenin gene in honey bees. To our knowledge, this is the first study on honey bee polyamine levels in reference to their longevity. These results provide important information on possible strategies for improving honey bee health by introducing spermidine into their diet. Here, we offer spermidine concentrations that could be considered for that purpose.
Topics: Bees; Animals; Spermidine; Polyamines; Spermine; Putrescine; Longevity; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36922548
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31456-4 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Polyamines participate in the processes of cell growth and development. The degradation branch of their metabolism involves amine oxidases. The oxidation of spermine,... (Review)
Review
Polyamines participate in the processes of cell growth and development. The degradation branch of their metabolism involves amine oxidases. The oxidation of spermine, spermidine and putrescine releases hydrogen peroxide and the corresponding aminoaldehyde. Polyamine-derived aminoaldehydes have been found to be cytotoxic, and they represent the subject of this review. 3-aminopropanal disrupts the lysosomal membrane and triggers apoptosis or necrosis in the damaged cells. It is implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, 3-aminopropanal yields acrolein through the elimination of ammonia. This reactive aldehyde is also generated by the decomposition of aminoaldehydes produced in the reaction of serum amine oxidase with spermidine or spermine. In addition, acrolein is a common environmental pollutant. It causes covalent modifications of proteins, including carbonylation, the production of Michael-type adducts and cross-linking, and it has been associated with inflammation-related diseases. APAL and acrolein are detoxified by aldehyde dehydrogenases and other mechanisms. High-performance liquid chromatography, immunochemistry and mass spectrometry have been largely used to analyze the presence of polyamine-derived aminoaldehydes and protein modifications elicited by their effect. However, the main and still open challenge is to find clues for discovering clear linkages between aldehyde-induced modifications of specific proteins and the development of various diseases.
Topics: Polyamines; Acrolein; Spermidine; Spermine; Aldehydes
PubMed: 37959847
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217429 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Aug 2022are Gram-positive opportunistic pathogens residing in the human nasopharynx and skin. Changes in environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature and availability of...
are Gram-positive opportunistic pathogens residing in the human nasopharynx and skin. Changes in environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature and availability of essential ions, can stimulate the expression of virulence factors. One such factor could be the availability of an extracellular pool of polyamines. Polyamines are synthesized from amino acids, and are universally present in the environment. Polyamines have been implicated in the ecology of pathogenesis by modulating quorum sensing, host adaptation and virulence. Polyamines mediate pathogenesis and help the pathogen resist environmental stress. In this study, we investigated the ability of the polyamine, spermidine, to promote acid stress survival of does not synthesize spermidine, but the extracellular pool of spermidine constituted by the host and microbiome could be utilized as a signalling molecule. We report that spermidine promotes acid stress resistance in . Moreover, spermidine affects the morphology of by decreasing the cell size and increasing the gene expression. Along with , spermidine upregulated the gene expression of cell wall-modifying genes such as , , and , which might help the bacteria to resist acidic stress.
Topics: Acids; Humans; Muramidase; Polyamines; Spermidine; Streptococcus pyogenes; Virulence
PubMed: 35917154
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001228 -
Aging Jan 2018Supplementation of spermidine, an autophagy-inducing agent, has been shown to protect against neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in aged animal models. The present... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Supplementation of spermidine, an autophagy-inducing agent, has been shown to protect against neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in aged animal models. The present translational study aimed to determine safety and tolerability of a wheat germ extract containing enhanced spermidine concentrations. In a preclinical toxicity study, supplementation of spermidine using this extract did not result in morbidities or changes in behavior in BALBc/Rj mice during the 28-days repeated-dose tolerance study. Post mortem examination of the mice organs showed no increase in tumorigenic and fibrotic events. In the human cohort (participants with subjective cognitive decline, n=30, 60 to 80 years of age), a 3-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind Phase II trial was conducted with supplementation of the spermidine-rich plant extract (dosage: 1.2 mg/day). No differences were observed between spermidine and placebo-treated groups in vital signs, weight, clinical chemistry and hematological parameters of safety, as well as in self-reported health status at the end of intervention. Compliance rates above 85% indicated excellent tolerability. The data demonstrate that spermidine supplementation using a spermidine-rich plant extract is safe and well-tolerated in mice and older adults. These findings allow for longer-term intervention studies in humans to investigate the impact of spermidine treatment on cognition and brain integrity.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Animals; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Middle Aged; Plant Extracts; Spermidine
PubMed: 29315079
DOI: 10.18632/aging.101354 -
Infection and Immunity Mar 2017, the agent of Lyme disease, responds to numerous host-derived signals to alter adaptive capabilities during its enzootic cycle in an arthropod vector and mammalian...
, the agent of Lyme disease, responds to numerous host-derived signals to alter adaptive capabilities during its enzootic cycle in an arthropod vector and mammalian host. Molecular mechanisms that enable to detect, channel, and respond to these signals have become an intense area of study for developing strategies to limit transmission/infection. Bioinformatic analysis of the borrelial genome revealed the presence of polyamine transport components (PotA, PotB, PotC, and PotD), while homologs for polyamine biosynthesis were conspicuously absent. Although is cotranscribed, the level of PotA was elevated under growth conditions mimicking unfed ticks compared to the level in fed ticks, while the levels of PotD were similar under the aforementioned conditions in Among several polyamines and polyamine precursors, supplementation of spermine or spermidine in the borrelial growth medium induced synthesis of major regulators of gene expression in , such as RpoS and BosR, with a concomitant increase in proteins that contribute to colonization and survival of in the mammalian host. Short transcripts of were elevated in response to spermidine, which was correlated with increased protein levels of RpoS. Transcriptional analysis of and ( ; ) in the presence of spermidine revealed the interplay of multiple regulatory factors in gene expression. The effect of spermidine on the levels of select borrelial proteins was also influenced by serum factors. These studies suggest that multiple host-derived signals/nutrients and their transport systems contribute to adaptation during the vector and vertebrate host phases of infection.
Topics: Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Biological Transport; Borrelia burgdorferi; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Lyme Disease; Polyamines; Spermidine; Spermine; Transcription, Genetic; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 28052993
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00684-16 -
Biomolecules May 2023The biogenic polyamines, spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), are present at millimolar concentrations in all eukaryotic cells, where they participate in the regulation...
The biogenic polyamines, spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), are present at millimolar concentrations in all eukaryotic cells, where they participate in the regulation of vitally important cellular functions. Polyamine analogs and derivatives are a traditional and important instrument for the investigation of the cellular functions of polyamines, enzymes of their metabolism, and the regulation of the biosynthesis of antizyme-a key downregulator of polyamine homeostasis. Here, we describe convenient gram-scale syntheses of a set of -methylated analogs of Spd. The biochemical properties of these compounds and the possibility for the regulation of their activity by moving a methyl group along the polyamine backbone and by changing the stereochemistry of the chiral center(s) are discussed.
Topics: Spermidine; Polyamines; Spermine; Biogenic Polyamines; Homeostasis
PubMed: 37371496
DOI: 10.3390/biom13060916