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Indian Journal of Critical Care... Jan 2017In India, eating Chinese food has become very popular. We hereby report a case who presented with angioneurotic edema of the uvula and the surrounding structures, after...
In India, eating Chinese food has become very popular. We hereby report a case who presented with angioneurotic edema of the uvula and the surrounding structures, after eating Chinese food, which resulted in severe difficulty in swallowing saliva and inability to speak.
PubMed: 28197052
DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.198327 -
American Family Physician Oct 2005Hemoptysis is the spitting of blood that originated in the lungs or bronchial tubes. The patient's history should help determine the amount of blood and differentiate... (Review)
Review
Hemoptysis is the spitting of blood that originated in the lungs or bronchial tubes. The patient's history should help determine the amount of blood and differentiate between hemoptysis, pseudohemoptysis, and hematemesis. A focused physical examination can lead to the diagnosis in most cases. In children, lower respiratory tract infection and foreign body aspiration are common causes. In adults, bronchitis, bronchogenic carcinoma, and pneumonia are the major causes. Chest radiographs often aid in diagnosis and assist in using two complementary diagnostic procedures, fiberoptic bronchoscopy and high-resolution computed tomography, which are useful in difficult cases and when malignancy is suspected. The goals of management are threefold: bleeding cessation, aspiration prevention, and treatment of the underlying cause. Mild hemoptysis often is caused by an infection that can be managed on an outpatient basis with dose monitoring. If hemoptysis persists, consulting with a pulmonologist should be considered. Patients with risk factors for malignancy or recurrent hemoptysis also require further evaluation with fiberoptic bronchoscopy or high-resolution computed tomography. In up to 34 percent of patients, no cause of hemoptysis can be found.
Topics: Adult; Algorithms; Child; Decision Trees; Hemoptysis; Humans; Medical History Taking; Physical Examination
PubMed: 16225028
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy Jan 2024Saliva can be used for screening and diagnostic purposes. Although multiple saliva collection methods are available, their use in children can be limited due to lack of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Saliva can be used for screening and diagnostic purposes. Although multiple saliva collection methods are available, their use in children can be limited due to lack of cooperation, developmental stage, and age. The aim of this scoping review was to comprehensively appraise the different methods of saliva collection among both children and adolescents by assessing the available scientific literature.
METHODS
A literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Eligible studies on saliva collection methods among children and adolescents were included for this review.
RESULTS
The literature search identified 249 eligible articles, of which 205 had a cross-sectional study design. Four distinct saliva collection methods have surfaced: the drooling method, the absorption method, the spitting method, and the suction method. Among infants or children under the age of 6 years, the suction and absorption methods were most preferred. The drooling and spitting methods were only applicable among children above the age of 3 years. When children were not willing to cooperate, the absorption method was most feasible. In adolescents and older children, no specific method was found to be preferred over another method.
CONCLUSION
Overall, saliva collection is well tolerated by children and adolescents, with the absorption and suction methods being preferred with young and uncooperative children.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Cross-Sectional Studies; Saliva; Sialorrhea
PubMed: 37950136
DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00684-9 -
The Journal of Venomous Animals and... 2021is a spitting cobra from Myanmar. To the best of our knowledge, no studies on this venom composition have been conducted so far. On the other hand, few envenomation...
BACKGROUND
is a spitting cobra from Myanmar. To the best of our knowledge, no studies on this venom composition have been conducted so far. On the other hand, few envenomation descriptions state that it elicits mainly local inflammation in the victims' eyes, the preferred target of this spiting cobra. Symptoms would typically include burning and painful sensation, conjunctivitis, edema and temporary loss of vision.
METHODS
We have performed a liquid-chromatography (C18-RP-HPLC) mass spectrometry (ESI-IT-TOF/MS) based approach in order to biochemically characterize venom.
RESULTS
A wide variety of three-finger toxins (cardiotoxins) and metallopeptidases were detected. Less abundant, but still representative, were cysteine-rich secretory proteins, L-amino-acid oxidases, phospholipases A, venom 5'-nucleotidase and a serine peptidase inhibitor. Other proteins were present, but were detected in a relatively small concentration.
CONCLUSION
The present study set the basis for a better comprehension of the envenomation from a molecular perspective and, by increasing the interest and information available for this species, allows future venom comparisons among cobras and their diverse venom proteins.
PubMed: 34394208
DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0125 -
Biomedical Journal Apr 2018In this issue of the Biomedical Journal, we learn how biomarkers in saliva may be able to provide insight into the health of the brain and the central nervous system. We...
In this issue of the Biomedical Journal, we learn how biomarkers in saliva may be able to provide insight into the health of the brain and the central nervous system. We also discover how computational modeling can help to identify potential epitopes for vaccine development against Chlamydia, the world's most common sexually transmitted infection.
PubMed: 29866602
DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.04.005 -
Immunity Sep 2014Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) were first described as playing important roles in the development of lymphoid tissues and more recently in the initiation of inflammation... (Review)
Review
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) were first described as playing important roles in the development of lymphoid tissues and more recently in the initiation of inflammation at barrier surfaces in response to infection or tissue damage. It has now become apparent that ILCs play more complex roles throughout the duration of immune responses, participating in the transition from innate to adaptive immunity and contributing to chronic inflammation. The proximity of ILCs to epithelial surfaces and their constitutive strategic positioning in other tissues throughout the body ensures that, in spite of their rarity, ILCs are able to regulate immune homeostasis effectively. Dysregulation of ILC function might result in chronic pathologies such as allergies, autoimmunity, and inflammation. A new role for ILCs in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis has started to emerge, underlining their importance in fundamental physiological processes beyond infection and immunity.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cytokines; Epithelium; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Killer Cells, Natural; Lymphoid Tissue; Mice; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer; Tight Junctions
PubMed: 25238094
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.006 -
European Journal of Immunology Aug 2012Cells that belong to the family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) not only form a first line of defense against invading microbes, but also play essential roles in tissue... (Review)
Review
Cells that belong to the family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) not only form a first line of defense against invading microbes, but also play essential roles in tissue remodeling and immune pathology. Rorγt(+) ILCs, producing the cytokines IL-22 and IL-17, include lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells which are critical for the formation of lymphoid structures. Recently another ILC subset has been identified, which is dependent on RORα for its development and is dedicated to the production of the Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13. These ILCs have been termed type 2 ILCs. All ILC subets are considered to belong to the same family that also includes natural killer cells because they all rely on the common γ-chain (γc) of the IL-2 receptor for their development and function, share a lymphoid morphology and depend on the transcriptional repressor Id2 for their development. Other transcription factors, including Notch, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in RORγt(+) ILCs and GATA3 in type 2 ILCs, also play roles in the development, survival, and function of these ILC subpopulations. Here we review the current knowledge with regard to the transcription factors involved in the development and functions of ILCs.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2; Lymphocytes; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic; Transcriptional Activation
PubMed: 22865043
DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242639 -
Forensic Science International May 2021Spitting is an occupational hazard of police work with increased risk due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to calculate the prevalence of spitting on police officers...
OBJECTIVES
Spitting is an occupational hazard of police work with increased risk due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to calculate the prevalence of spitting on police officers in use of force incidents, as well as the demographic and situational factors associated with spitting.
METHODS
Data on spitting were compiled from more than 10,000 use of force incidents occurring at 81 agencies in eight different states in the US.
RESULTS
Spitting occurred in 3.6% of cases. Female and younger subjects and those using drugs and/or alcohol are more likely to spit on officers. Spitting is more likely to occur in incidents of longer duration, when officers use less force relative to subject resistance, when subjects are assaultive or engage in self-harm, and when subjects are hobbled.
CONCLUSIONS
Spitting on officers is common and may now constitute a significant work hazard. Implications for police practice are discussed.
Topics: Adult; COVID-19; Female; Humans; Law Enforcement; Male; Police; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Saliva; United States
PubMed: 33743512
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110747 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jul 2013Photolithotrophs are divided between those that use water as their electron donor (Cyanobacteria and the photosynthetic eukaryotes) and those that use a different... (Review)
Review
Photolithotrophs are divided between those that use water as their electron donor (Cyanobacteria and the photosynthetic eukaryotes) and those that use a different electron donor (the anoxygenic photolithotrophs, all of them Bacteria). Photolithotrophs with the most reduced genomes have more genes than do the corresponding chemoorganotrophs, and the fastest-growing photolithotrophs have significantly lower specific growth rates than the fastest-growing chemoorganotrophs. Slower growth results from diversion of resources into the photosynthetic apparatus, which accounts for about half of the cell protein. There are inherent dangers in (especially oxygenic) photosynthesis, including the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and blue light sensitivity of the water spitting apparatus. The extent to which photolithotrophs incur greater DNA damage and repair, and faster protein turnover with increased rRNA requirement, needs further investigation. A related source of environmental damage is ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation (280-320 nm), whose flux at the Earth's surface decreased as oxygen (and ozone) increased in the atmosphere. This oxygenation led to the requirements of defence against ROS, and decreasing availability to organisms of combined (non-dinitrogen) nitrogen and ferrous iron, and (indirectly) phosphorus, in the oxygenated biosphere. Differential codon usage in the genome and, especially, the proteome can lead to economies in the use of potentially growth-limiting elements.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Cyanobacteria; Genome, Bacterial; Genome, Plant; Photosynthesis; Plants
PubMed: 23754816
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0264