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Veterinary Medicine International 2020Effective sanitation strategies for poultry farms require an appropriate selection of the disinfectant based on the contaminants present and their sensitivity to the...
INTRODUCTION
Effective sanitation strategies for poultry farms require an appropriate selection of the disinfectant based on the contaminants present and their sensitivity to the disinfectants.
AIM
The current study investigated the prevalence of streptococci/micrococci in poultry farms of Bangladesh and the efficacy of commercial disinfectants (Savlon, Lysol, Quatovet, Virkon S, and Virocid) along with alcohol against these pathogens to adopt appropriate strategies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Conventional approaches and the 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to confirm the isolates at the species level along with microtiter biofilm assay to determine their biofilm-forming ability. Efficacy of the disinfectants was tested against those isolates using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test by broth dilution method using different dilutions of the disinfectants.
RESULTS
( = 32), ( = 7), and ( = 4) were confirmed among 102 presumptively screened streptococci/micrococci isolates from 43 samples. No single disinfectant showed equally high efficacy against all three bacterial species in agar well diffusion test, although Virocid showed the lowest MIC against all three of them. Lysol was least effective among the commercial disinfectants by both MIC and diffusion method, although each commercial disinfectant was more effective than alcohol. Considering both the average diameter of the inhibition zones and the MIC values, efficacy can be interpreted as Virocid > Quatovet > Savlon > Virkon S > Lysol. Although the efficacy decreased with decreasing concentration, the disinfectants retained a satisfactory level of efficacy at 50% concentration. Among test pathogens, was the most sensitive to the disinfectants and the weakest biofilm producers, whereas 4/14 and 1/5 were strong biofilm producers, which may cause more reduction in the efficacy in environmental conditions.
CONCLUSION
As no ideal disinfectant was found in the study, the efficacy of the disinfectants should be routinely evaluated and validated to ensure the sanitation standards in the poultry sector.
PubMed: 33062244
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8811540 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Jan 2021With the wide use of florfenicol to prevent and treat the bacterial infection of domestic animals, the emergence of the florfenicol resistance bacteria is increasingly...
Characterization of florfenicol resistance genes in the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) isolates and genomic features of a multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus lentus strain H29.
BACKGROUND
With the wide use of florfenicol to prevent and treat the bacterial infection of domestic animals, the emergence of the florfenicol resistance bacteria is increasingly serious. It is very important to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the bacteria's resistance to florfenicol.
METHODS
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels were determined by the agar dilution method, and polymerase chain reaction was conducted to analyze the distribution of florfenicol resistance genes in 39 CoNS strains isolated from poultry and livestock animals and seafood. The whole genome sequence of one multidrug resistant strain, Staphylococcus lentus H29, was characterized, and comparative genomics analysis of the resistance gene-related sequences was also performed.
RESULTS
As a result, the isolates from the animals showed a higher resistance rate (23/28, 82.1%) and much higher MIC levels to florfenicol than those from seafood. Twenty-seven animal isolates carried 37 florfenicol resistance genes (including 26 fexA, 6 cfr and 5 fexB genes) with one carrying a cfr gene, 16 each harboring a fexA gene, 5 with both a fexA gene and a fexB gene and the other 5 with both a fexA gene and a cfr gene. On the other hand, all 11 isolates from seafood were sensitive to florfenicol, and only 3 carried a fexA gene each. The whole genome sequence of S. lentus H29 was composed of a chromosome and two plasmids (pH29-46, pH29-26) and harbored 11 resistance genes, including 6 genes [cfr, fexA, ant(6)-Ia, aacA-aphD, mecA and mph(C)] encoded on the chromosome, 4 genes [cfr, fexA, aacA-aphD and tcaA] on pH29-46 and 1 gene (fosD) on pH29-26. We found that the S. lentus H29 genome carried two identical copies of the gene arrays of radC-tnpABC-hp-fexA (5671 bp) and IS256-cfr (2690 bp), of which one copy of the two gene arrays was encoded on plasmid pH29-46, while the other was encoded on the chromosome.
CONCLUSIONS
The current study revealed the wide distribution of florfenicol resistance genes (cfr, fexA and fexB) in animal bacteria, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that one S. lentus strain carried two identical copies of florfenicol resistance-related gene arrays.
Topics: Animals; China; Coagulase; Comparative Genomic Hybridization; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Livestock; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Poultry; Staphylococcus; Thiamphenicol
PubMed: 33413633
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00869-5 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Dec 2022Chickens are in constant interaction with their environment, e.g., bedding and litter, and their microbiota. However, how litter microbiota develops over time and...
Chickens are in constant interaction with their environment, e.g., bedding and litter, and their microbiota. However, how litter microbiota develops over time and whether bedding and litter microbiota may affect the cecal microbiota is not clear. We addressed these questions using sequencing of V3/V4 variable region of 16S rRNA genes of cecal, bedding, and litter samples from broiler breeder chicken flocks for 4 months of production. Cecal, bedding, and litter samples were populated by microbiota of distinct composition. The microbiota in the bedding material did not expand in the litter. Similarly, major species from litter microbiota did not expand in the cecum. Only cecal microbiota was found in the litter forming approximately 20% of total litter microbiota. A time-dependent development of litter microbiota was observed. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Weissella jogaejeotgali were characteristic of fresh litter during the first month of production. Corynebacterium casei, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus salivarius dominated in a 2-month-old litter, , , and were characteristic for 3-month-old litter, and , , , and Staphylococcus lentus were common in a 4-month-old litter. Although the development was likely determined by physicochemical conditions in the litter, it might be interesting to test some of these species for active modification of litter to improve the chicken environment and welfare. Despite intimate contact, the composition of bedding, litter, and cecal microbiota differs considerably. Species characteristic for litter microbiota at different time points of chicken production were identified thus opening the possibility for active manipulation of litter microbiota.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Microbiota; Cecum
PubMed: 36468876
DOI: 10.1128/aem.01809-22 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Jul 2020The pathogens most commonly associated with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis include , and . The pathogens most commonly associated with chronic rhinosinusitis include...
BACKGROUND
The pathogens most commonly associated with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis include , and . The pathogens most commonly associated with chronic rhinosinusitis include and various anaerobic organisms, including , , and . This case report illustrates a case of chronic rhinosinusitis associated with the organism, a well-known animal pathogen that has never been documented in the sinonasal cavity before.
METHODS
The medical records of an adult patient who presented to the otolaryngology office were reviewed. The literature available was reviewed.
RESULTS
A 62-year-old man presented with chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to medical management. He was taken to the operating room for functional endoscopic sinus surgery and cultures were obtained, which returned positive for . He had no known animal contacts at home or work. He improved with surgery and appropriate antibiotic therapy.
CONCLUSIONS
has never before been reported as a human pathogen in the sinonasal cavities. Otolaryngologists must routinely obtain cultures of mucus or tissue during sinus surgery in order to ensure appropriate antibiotic treatment after surgery and resolution of patient symptoms.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Rhinitis; Sinusitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 31072191
DOI: 10.1177/0145561319848990 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2023The oral microbiome is a complex community that matures with dental development while oral health is also a recognized risk factor for systemic disease. Despite the oral...
The oral microbiome is a complex community that matures with dental development while oral health is also a recognized risk factor for systemic disease. Despite the oral cavity having a substantial microbial burden, healing of superficial oral wounds occurs quickly and with little scarring. By contrast, creation of an oro-nasal fistula (ONF), often occurring after surgery to correct a cleft palate, is a significant wound healing challenge that is further complicated by a connection of the oral and nasal microbiome. In this study, we characterized the changes in the oral microbiome of mice following a freshly inflicted wound in the oral palate that results in an open and unhealed ONF. Creation of an ONF in mice significantly lowered oral microbiome alpha diversity, with concurrent blooms of in the oral cavity. Treatment of mice with oral antibiotics one week prior to ONF infliction resulted in a reduction in the alpha diversity, prevented and blooms, but did not impact ONF healing. Strikingly, delivery of the beneficial microbe subsp. cremoris (LLC) to the wound bed of the freshly inflicted ONF via a PEG-MAL hydrogel vehicle resulted in rapid healing of the ONF. Healing of the ONF was associated with the maintenance of relatively high microbiome alpha diversity, and limited the abundance of and in the oral cavity. These data demonstrate that a freshly inflicted ONF in the murine palate is associated with a dysbiotic oral microbiome state that may prevent ONF healing, and a bloom of opportunistic pathogens. The data also demonstrate that delivery of a specific beneficial microbe, LLC, to the ONF can boost wound healing, can restore and/or preserve oral microbiome diversity, and inhibit blooms of opportunistic pathogens.
PubMed: 37333261
DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543508 -
Biofouling Jul 2010Despite the recent enthusiasm for using bacteriophages as bacterial control agents, there are only limited studies concerning phage interaction with their respective...
Despite the recent enthusiasm for using bacteriophages as bacterial control agents, there are only limited studies concerning phage interaction with their respective hosts residing in mixed biofilm consortia and especially in biofilms where the host species is a minor constituent. In the present work, a study was made of mono and dual species biofilms formed by Pseudomonas fluorescens (Gram-negative) and/or Staphylococcus lentus (Gram-positive) and their fate after infection with phages. The dual species biofilms consisted predominantly of S. lentus. The exposure of these biofilms to a cocktail containing both P. fluorescens and S. lentus phages effectively killed and removed the hosts from the substratum. Additionally, this cocktail approach also controlled the hosts released from the biofilms to the planktonic phase. The ability of phages to control a host population present in minority in the mixed species biofilm was also assessed. For this objective, the biofilms were challenged only with phage phiIBB-PF7A, specific for P. fluorescens and the results obtained were to some extent unpredicted. First, phiIBB-PF7A readily reached the target host and caused a significant population decrease. Secondly, and surprisingly, this phage was also capable of causing partial damage to the biofilms leading to the release of the non-susceptible host (S. lentus) from the dual species biofilms to the planktonic phase. The efficiency of phage treatment of biofilms was to some extent dependent on the number of cells present and also conditioned by the infection strategy (dynamic or static) utilized in the infection of the biofilms. Nevertheless, in most circumstances phages were well capable of controlling their target hosts.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Colony Count, Microbial; Dairying; Food Industry; Pest Control, Biological; Plankton; Pseudomonas Phages; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages
PubMed: 20544433
DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2010.494251 -
Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) May 2022The altered gut microbiota is implicated in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Resveratrol is a candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis, which could ameliorate...
BACKGROUND
The altered gut microbiota is implicated in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Resveratrol is a candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis, which could ameliorate the dysregulation of gut microbiota in mice. This study aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of resveratrol in gut microbiota during liver fibrosis.
METHODS
A mouse model of liver fibrosis induced by CCl was conducted to assess the effect of resveratrol on liver fibrosis. The changes of gut microbiota in liver fibrotic mice after resveratrol intervention were assessed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. The mechanism of the gut microbiota dysregulation in liver fibrosis was investigated by Sirius red staining, immunohistochemical assay, bacterial translocation (BT), EUB338 fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, trans-epithelial electrical resistance analysis and paracellular permeability analysis.
RESULTS
Resveratrol relieved CCl-induced liver fibrosis. Besides, resveratrol restrained the gut microbiota Staphylococcus_lentus and Staphylococcus_xylosus in the liver fibrotic mice, and the Staphylococcus_xylosus and Staphylococcus_lentus facilitated the occurrence of BT and the cultures of them enhanced the permeability of intestine. The in vivo assay corroborated that the excessive Staphylococcus_xylosus and Staphylococcus_lentus canceled the protecting effect of resveratrol on liver fibrosis, and Staphylococcus_xylosus or Staphylococcus_lentus alone had a limited impact on the liver injury of normal mice.
CONCLUSION
Resveratrol ameliorated liver fibrosis by restraining the growth of Staphylococcus_xylosus and Staphylococcus_lentus.
Topics: Animals; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Liver Cirrhosis; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Resveratrol; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 35508992
DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00463-y -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Sep 2020To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococci on dairy farms in England and Wales including zoonotic MRSA.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococci on dairy farms in England and Wales including zoonotic MRSA.
METHODS
Bulk tank milk was sampled from 363 dairy farms in 2015-2016 and methicillin-resistant staphylococci were isolated by salt broth enrichment and plating on MRSA Brilliance selective agar. Isolates were characterised through antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing.
RESULTS
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci were isolated from ∼5% of dairy farms and belonged to six different species, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus fleurettii and Staphylococcus sciuri. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a large variety of antimicrobial resistance genes and SCCmec elements were present, including mecA and mecC alleles. Potentially zoonotic methicillin-resistance S. aureus were found at a low prevalence (0.83% of sampled dairy farms). Whole-genome sequencing also provided evidence for the mobility of a primordial mec gene complex, independently of a SCCmec element, which appears to have been acquired by S. saprophyticus from S. fleurettii.
CONCLUSIONS
These data give new insight into the epidemiology of veterinary methicillin-resistant staphylococci to inform future surveillance and zoonotic risk evaluation. Our data indicate that MRSA has likely decreased in prevalence since earlier survey work in England and Wales during 2011-12 and highlights the diversity of methicillin resistance and other resistance determinants among bovine-associated staphylococci with implications for veterinary and human medicine.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; England; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Milk; Prevalence; Staphylococcus; Wales
PubMed: 32006753
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.01.013 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2017The multi-resistance gene is widely distributed among various gram-positive and gram-negative species in livestock in China. To better understand the epidemiology of...
The multi-resistance gene is widely distributed among various gram-positive and gram-negative species in livestock in China. To better understand the epidemiology of among spp. and isolates, 254 spp. and 398 strains collected from six swine farms in China were subjected to prevalence and genetic analysis. Forty (15.7%) spp. isolates, including 38 strains, one strain, and one strain, and two (0.5%) isolates were found to contain the gene. Most of the 38 strains were clonally unrelated; however, clonal dissemination of -positive was detected at the same farm. In eight randomly selected -positive staphylococci, a -harboring module (ISΔ) was detected in six isolates; was bracketed by two copies of IS or IS in the remaining two isolates. In the two isolates, EP25 and EP28, was flanked by two IS elements in the same or opposite orientation, respectively. Complete sequence analysis of the novel F43:A-:B- plasmid pHNEP28 revealed that it contains two multi-resistance regions: together with , interspersed with IS, ΔIS and IS, and together with (M) interspersed with IS, IS, ΔTn, and ΔIS. The coexistence of with other resistance genes on a conjugative plasmid may contribute to the dissemination of these genes by co-selection. Thus, rational drug use and continued surveillance of in swine farms are warranted.
PubMed: 28293235
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00329 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Sep 2012The search for a specific rRNA methylase motif led to the identification of the new macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance gene erm(43) in Staphylococcus...
The search for a specific rRNA methylase motif led to the identification of the new macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B resistance gene erm(43) in Staphylococcus lentus. An inducible resistance phenotype was demonstrated by cloning and expressing erm(43) and its regulatory region in Staphylococcus aureus. The erm(43) gene was detected in two different DNA fragments, of 6,230 bp and 1,559 bp, that were each integrated at the same location in the chromosome in several S. lentus isolates of human, dog, and chicken origin.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Bacterial; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Lincosamides; Macrolides; Methyltransferases; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Alignment; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptogramin B
PubMed: 22733067
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00627-12