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Digestive Diseases and Sciences Jun 2022Chronic diarrhea in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NET) may be caused by bioactive products of NET, bile acid malabsorption (BAM), ileal resection (IR) or...
BACKGROUND
Chronic diarrhea in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NET) may be caused by bioactive products of NET, bile acid malabsorption (BAM), ileal resection (IR) or steatorrhea.
AIM
To quantitate BA and fat malabsorption in NET with diarrhea.
METHODS
Part of evaluation in medical oncology clinical practice, 67 patients [42F, 25 M; median age 64.0 y (17.0 IQR)] with well-differentiated NET and diarrhea underwent clinically indicated measurements of 48-h fecal BA [(FBA), fecal weight (normal < 400 g/48 h), fecal fat (normal < 7 g/day) in n = 52] and fasting serum 7αC4 (marker of hepatic BA synthesis, n = 30) between 01/2018 and 11/2020. IR had been performed in 45 patients. BAM diagnosis was based on FBA criteria: elevated total FBA (> 2337 µmol/48 h) or > 10% primary FBA or combination > 4% primary FBA plus > 1000 µmol total FBA/48 h. We also measured fecal elastase (for pancreatic insufficiency) in 13 patients.
RESULTS
BAM was present in 48/52 (92%) patients with NET. There were significant correlations between total FBA and 48-h fecal weight (R = 0.645, P < 0.001). Mean length of IR was 47 cm; in patients with IR < 25 cm, total FBA was elevated in 85% and primary FBA > 10% in 69%. In 22 patients with no IR, 13/15 tested (87%) had BAM. Among 6 patients with pancreatic NET and no IR, 80% had BAM. Fecal fat was ≥ 15 g/day in 18/42 (43%). In 4/17 (24%) with IR < 25 cm and 8/19 (42%) patients with IR > 25 cm fecal fat was 44.0 (40.5) and 38.0 (38.0)g/day, respectively.
CONCLUSION
A majority of patients with NET and diarrhea had BAM, even with < 25 cm or no IR.
Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Diarrhea; Feces; Humans; Malabsorption Syndromes; Middle Aged; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Steatorrhea
PubMed: 34365537
DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07189-7 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Mar 2019Symptoms of gastroenteropancreatic located neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are often related to food intake and manifest as abdominal pain or diarrhoea which can... (Review)
Review
Symptoms of gastroenteropancreatic located neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are often related to food intake and manifest as abdominal pain or diarrhoea which can influence patients nutritional status. Malnutrition is common in cancer patients and influences quality of life, treatment options and survival but is also present in up to 40% of patients with GEP-NENs. As part of malnutrition there are often deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins, mainly vitamin D. Little knowledge exists on trace elements. Several factors influence the development of malnutrition such as size and localisation of the primary tumour as well as metastases, side effects from treatment but also hormone production of the tumour itself. One of the main influencing factors leading to malnutrition is diarrhoea which leads to dehydration and electrolyte disturbances. Treatment of diarrhoea should be guided by its cause. Screening for malnutrition should be part of routine care in every GEP-NEN patient. Multidisciplinary treatment including dietician support is necessary for all malnourished patients with GEP-NENs.
Topics: Avitaminosis; Diarrhea; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Malnutrition; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Nutritional Status; Prognosis; Quality of Life; Trace Elements; Vitamins
PubMed: 30886501
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i10.1171 -
California Medicine Mar 1950Chronic relapsing pancreatitis is a disease of recurring acute episodes of severe upper abdominal pain which are progressive and gradually may become so severe and so...
Chronic relapsing pancreatitis is a disease of recurring acute episodes of severe upper abdominal pain which are progressive and gradually may become so severe and so frequent as to be intractable. Early in the disease the function of the gland and of the islet tissue may be disturbed only at the time of the acute attack, but subsequently these changes may become permanent and manifested by steatorrhea, creatorrhea and diabetes mellitus. The results of studies of pancreatic function parallel those of the pathologic process, and calcification of the pancreas is common. Medical treatment is generally disappointing. Paravertebral injections may control acute pain. Surgical therapy is none too satisfactory. Long continued biliary drainage, anastomosis between the common bile duct and duodenum and between the pancreatic duct and duodenum, section of the sphincter of Oddi, partial and total pancreatectomy and sympathectomy, splanchnicectomy and vagotomy have been helpful in relieving pain and in preventing the recurrence of attacks in some instances.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Chronic Disease; Drainage; Duodenum; Humans; Pancreas; Pancreatectomy; Pancreatic Ducts; Pancreatic Function Tests; Pancreatitis; Pancreatitis, Chronic; Recurrence
PubMed: 15410140
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... Apr 2023We present the case of a 59-year-old man with acute myeloid leukemia treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Two years later, he...
We present the case of a 59-year-old man with acute myeloid leukemia treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Two years later, he consulted for diarrhea and steatorrhea of 2-3 months of evolution with significant weight loss. Stool cultures and study of parasites were negative. Thyroid and celiac profile, cytomegalovirus viremia and colonoscopy, were normal. Fecal calprotectin and fecal clearance of alpha-1-Antitrypsin were normal but with almost undetectable fecal elastase (<15 ug/g). Pancreatic magnetic resonance reveals a generalized atrophy of the pancreas without other parenchymal or ductal alterations. The patient had no risk factors for chronic pancreatitis and was diagnosed with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). GVHD is caused by an immune-mediated reaction by donor T cells recognizing foreign antigens from the recipient. GVHD occurs in 80% of patients after allo-HSCT. Diarrhea is one of the most frequent manifestations, most often due to intestinal damage, opportunistic infections or chemoradiation effects.
Topics: Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency; Cytomegalovirus Infections; T-Lymphocytes; Diarrhea; Graft vs Host Disease
PubMed: 36148693
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2022.9143/2022 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Sep 2014Restitution of normal fat absorption in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency remains an elusive goal. Although many patients achieve satisfactory clinical results with... (Review)
Review
Restitution of normal fat absorption in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency remains an elusive goal. Although many patients achieve satisfactory clinical results with enzyme therapy, few experience normalization of fat absorption, and many, if not most, will require individualized therapy. Increasing the quantity of lipase administered rarely eliminates steatorrhea but increases the cost of therapy. Enteric coated enzyme microbead formulations tend to separate from nutrients in the stomach precluding coordinated emptying of enzymes and nutrients. Unprotected enzymes mix well and empty with nutrients but are inactivated at pH 4 or below. We describe approaches for improving the results of enzyme therapy including changing to, or adding, a different product, adding non-enteric coated enzymes, (e.g., giving unprotected enzymes at the start of the meal and acid-protected formulations later), use of antisecretory drugs and/or antacids, and changing the timing of enzyme administration. Because considerable lipid is emptied in the first postprandial hour, it is prudent to start therapy with enteric coated microbead prior to the meal so that some enzymes are available during that first hour. Patients with hyperacidity may benefit from adjuvant antisecretory therapy to reduce the duodenal acid load and possibly also sodium bicarbonate to prevent duodenal acidity. Comparative studies of clinical effectiveness of different formulations as well as the characteristics of dispersion, emptying, and dissolution of enteric-coated microspheres of different diameter and density are needed; many such studies have been completed but not yet made public. We discuss the history of pancreatic enzyme therapy and describe current use of modern preparations, approaches to overcoming unsatisfactory clinical responses, as well as studies needed to be able to provide reliably effective therapy.
Topics: Animals; Antacids; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enzyme Replacement Therapy; Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency; Gastric Emptying; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Lipid Metabolism; Pancreas, Exocrine; Tablets, Enteric-Coated; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25206255
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11467 -
Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany) Mar 2023For the purpose of a better understanding of enteric hyperoxaluria in Crohn's disease (CD) in children and adolescents, we investigated the occurrence and risk factors...
BACKGROUND
For the purpose of a better understanding of enteric hyperoxaluria in Crohn's disease (CD) in children and adolescents, we investigated the occurrence and risk factors for development of hyperoxaluria in those patients.
METHODS
Forty-five children with CD and another 45 controls were involved in this cross-sectional study. Urine samples were collected for measurement of spot urine calcium/creatinine (Ur Ca/Cr), oxalate/creatinine (Ur Ox/Cr), and citrate/creatinine (Ur Citr/Cr) ratios. Fecal samples were also collected to detect the oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase of Oxalobacter formigenes by PCR. Patients were classified into 2 groups: group A (with hyperoxaluria) and group B (with normal urine oxalate excretion). The disease extent was assessed, and the activity index was calculated.
RESULTS
According to the activity index, 30 patients (66.7%) had mild disease and 13 patients (28.9%) had moderate disease. There was no significant difference in Ur Ox/Cr ratio regarding the disease activity index. O. formigenes was not detected in 91% of patients in group A while it was detected in all patients in group B (p < 0.001). By using logistic regression analysis, the overall model was statistically significant when compared to the null model, (χ (7) = 52.19, p < 0.001), steatorrhea (p = 0.004), frequent stools (p = 0.009), and O. formigenes (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Lack of intestinal colonization with O. formigenes, steatorrhea, and frequent stools are the main risk factors for development of enteric hyperoxaluria in CD patients. Identifying risk factors facilitates proper disease management in future studies. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Child; Crohn Disease; Steatorrhea; Cross-Sectional Studies; Creatinine; Hyperoxaluria; Risk Factors; Oxalates
PubMed: 35802269
DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05674-3 -
Surgical Case Reports Apr 2022Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas are rare. Moreover, pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and postoperative care are not common in pediatric surgery. Herein, we...
BACKGROUND
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas are rare. Moreover, pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and postoperative care are not common in pediatric surgery. Herein, we report a case of PD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) after PD and present a literature review.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 10-year-old girl with a suspected liver tumor was referred to our hospital. Echography, enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed that the tumor coexisted with the solid and cystic parts of the pancreatic head. Since the patient was a young woman and the imaging findings were consistent with that of pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs), we diagnosed her with pancreatic SPN. Thereafter, PD was performed, and she was discharged 10 days after the operation. Although her postoperative course was mostly uneventful, she experienced few episodes of abdominal pain and diarrhea before hospital discharge. These symptoms subsequently became more frequent and severe. The patient was urgently readmitted to the hospital for watery steatorrhea and lower abdominal colic pain. Her serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were elevated, and a fatty liver was detected on echography. The patient was diagnosed with steatorrhea, peristaltic pain, and NAFLD after PD. Pancrelipase (containing pancreatic digestive enzymes), antidiarrheal agents, and probiotics were started. Dosage increase of these drugs reduced the defecation frequency and abdominal pain and switched diarrhea to loose stools. However, more lipids in meals or more meals caused diarrhea and abdominal pain. Therefore, the doses of these drugs were further increased, and another antidiarrheal agent, loperamide hydrochloride, was added. Exocrine pancreatic enzymes supplementation and careful follow-up should prevent NAFLD progression after PD. At present, the patient has occasional abdominal pain, but has tangible soft stools once or twice a day. Although echography still shows a mottled fatty liver, her hepatic enzymes are only mildly elevated.
CONCLUSIONS
Pediatric PD is rare, and residual pancreatic function is usually sufficient, unlike in adult cases. However, we experienced a case of NAFLD after PD for a pediatric pancreatic SPN, in which pancreatic enzyme supplementation effectively improved this condition. Further attention must be paid to worsening of NAFLD that can develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
PubMed: 35381910
DOI: 10.1186/s40792-022-01414-9 -
Surgical Case Reports Oct 2019Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is known to occur after total gastrectomy. We experienced a case of PEI occurring 18 years after surgery, leading to a...
BACKGROUND
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is known to occur after total gastrectomy. We experienced a case of PEI occurring 18 years after surgery, leading to a potentially fatal condition of capillary leak syndrome (CLS).
CASE PRESENTATION
The case is a 58-year-old man on a healthy diet who underwent total gastrectomy 18 years before. He was admitted for a 3-month history of anasarca, steatorrhea, and hypoalbuminemia. An episode of fever occurred during workup, followed by pulmonary edema and shock. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit and was started on fluid management with albumin infusion. A multidisciplinary team meeting was held, and a clinical diagnosis of PEI resulted in CLS was made and we started administration of oral pancrelipase to show clinical improvement. The patient was discharged, and he remained asymptomatic for 13 months.
CONCLUSION
In a post-gastrectomy patient with malnutrition, PEI should be suspected regardless of the period since surgery. When recognized, immediate replenishment of albumin and pancreatic enzymes should be initiated to prevent clinical deterioration.
PubMed: 31650279
DOI: 10.1186/s40792-019-0721-7 -
Gut Apr 1970Steatorrhoea has been found in a large proportion of patients with inflammatory dermatoses, especially eczema and psoriasis. It is due to the rash itself and disappears...
Steatorrhoea has been found in a large proportion of patients with inflammatory dermatoses, especially eczema and psoriasis. It is due to the rash itself and disappears rapidly after topical treatment of the skin. This particular enteropathy, unlike that associated with dermatitis herpetiformis, is not accompanied by an alteration in the stereomicroscopic appearance of the small bowel mucosa. The mechanism is not known. It is important to differentiate dermatogenic enteropathy from gluten sensitivity which has produced a rash, as in the former condition a gluten-free diet is not indicated.
Topics: Biopsy; Celiac Disease; Diet Therapy; Eczema; Fats; Feces; Glutens; Humans; Indican; Intestinal Mucosa; Pancreas; Psoriasis
PubMed: 5428850
DOI: 10.1136/gut.11.4.292 -
Pancreas Nov 2014The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis remains challenging in early stages of the disease. This report defines the diagnostic criteria useful in the assessment of...
The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis remains challenging in early stages of the disease. This report defines the diagnostic criteria useful in the assessment of patients with suspected and established chronic pancreatitis. All current diagnostic procedures are reviewed, and evidence-based statements are provided about their utility and limitations. Diagnostic criteria for chronic pancreatitis are classified as definitive, probable, or insufficient evidence. A diagnostic (STEP-wise; survey, tomography, endoscopy, and pancreas function testing) algorithm is proposed that proceeds from a noninvasive to a more invasive approach. This algorithm maximizes specificity (low false-positive rate) in subjects with chronic abdominal pain and equivocal imaging changes. Furthermore, a nomenclature is suggested to further characterize patients with established chronic pancreatitis based on TIGAR-O (toxic, idiopathic, genetic, autoimmune, recurrent, and obstructive) etiology, gland morphology (Cambridge criteria), and physiologic state (exocrine, endocrine function) for uniformity across future multicenter research collaborations. This guideline will serve as a baseline manuscript that will be modified as new evidence becomes available and our knowledge of chronic pancreatitis improves.
Topics: Calcinosis; Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance; Chymotrypsin; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Progression; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Endosonography; Evidence-Based Medicine; Feces; Humans; Incidence; Pancreatic Elastase; Pancreatic Function Tests; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreatitis, Alcoholic; Pancreatitis, Chronic; Risk Factors; Secretin; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index; Smoking; Steatorrhea; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 25333398
DOI: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000000237