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Mycological Progress 2022Perylenequinones (PQs) are aromatic polyketides with an oxidized pentacyclic core that make up a family of natural compounds. Naturally occurring PQs mostly are produced... (Review)
Review
Perylenequinones (PQs) are aromatic polyketides with an oxidized pentacyclic core that make up a family of natural compounds. Naturally occurring PQs mostly are produced by phytopathogenic fungi, with few aphides, crinoids, and plants. PQs, also known as photosensitizers, absorb light energy which empowers them to produce reactive oxygen species that damage host cells. Therefore, PQs gained a considerable interest in pharmaceutical application notably in photodynamic therapy. This review presents a comprehensive overview of fungal PQs. Their occurrence, categorization, biosynthesis, structures, and bioactivities are all discussed in detail. After that, an analysis outlines their distribution across the kingdom of fungi. A total of 66 fungal PQs have been described from 22 ascomycete genera (, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and ). account for the majority of documented fungal PQs (82%), followed by (14%), (3%), and (1%). Herein, five families , , , , and are highlighted as potential sources of novel PQs due to their diversity. The review intends to pique bioprospectors' interest in fungal PQs. Indeed, the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries might gain greatly by exploiting fungal perylenequinones. Graphical abstract.
PubMed: 35401071
DOI: 10.1007/s11557-022-01790-4 -
Studies in Mycology Jun 2017In 2007 a new leaf spot disease of (sugar beet) spread through the Netherlands. Attempts to identify this destructive sp. in sugar beet led to a phylogenetic revision...
In 2007 a new leaf spot disease of (sugar beet) spread through the Netherlands. Attempts to identify this destructive sp. in sugar beet led to a phylogenetic revision of the genus. The name has been recommended for use over that of its sexual morph, , which is polyphyletic. forms a well-defined monophyletic genus in the (), but lacks an up-to-date phylogeny. To address this issue, the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 and intervening 5.8S nr DNA (ITS) of all available and isolates from the CBS culture collection of the Westerdijk Institute (N = 418), and from 23 freshly collected isolates obtained from sugar beet and related hosts, were sequenced to construct an overview phylogeny (N = 350). Based on their phylogenetic informativeness, parts of the protein-coding genes calmodulin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were also sequenced for a subset of isolates (N = 149). This resulted in a multi-gene phylogeny of the genus containing 28 species-clades, of which five were found to represent new species. The majority of the sugar beet isolates, including isolates from the Netherlands, Germany and the UK, clustered together in a species clade for which the name was recently proposed. Morphological studies were performed to describe the new species. Twenty-two names were reduced to synonymy, and two new combinations proposed. Three epitypes, one lectotype and two neotypes were also designated in order to create a uniform taxonomy for .
PubMed: 28663603
DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.06.001 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Ecologists around the world are giving great attention to the metal pollution of agronomic soil. Recently, several techniques have been employed to remediate heavy...
Ecologists around the world are giving great attention to the metal pollution of agronomic soil. Recently, several techniques have been employed to remediate heavy metals, but the use of microorganisms is cheap, less time-consuming, and easily available. In the current study, the endophytic strains, Cp1 and Cp2 were isolated from sterilized 1-5 cm long root and leaf segments of using Hagem media. To get pure colonies, the strains were repeatedly cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. The strains Cp1 and CP2 were identified as and based on ITS sequencing and neighbor joining (NJ) method. Both strains showed a growth-promoting potential in soybean seedlings exposed to chromate (Cr) stress. Moreover, and improved the Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), flavonoids, phenolics, protein, and proline contents, whereas, lowered Salicylic acid (SA) production in the seedlings. The selected endophytic fungal strains also promoted the antioxidant system of soybean seedlings through enhanced production of ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO), catalases (CAT), peroxidase, and free radical scavenging enzymes. Both strains bio-transformed the toxic Cr-VI to less toxic Cr-III in the cultural filtrate as well as host plants. In fact, efficient uptake of Cr and its conversion by the isolated endophytic fungal strains could be used as a viable tool to remediate Cr contamination in agricultural soils.
PubMed: 36406387
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1001847 -
Marine Drugs Jul 2022Anthraquinones are an interesting chemical class of polyketides since they not only exhibit a myriad of biological activities but also contribute to managing ecological... (Review)
Review
Anthraquinones are an interesting chemical class of polyketides since they not only exhibit a myriad of biological activities but also contribute to managing ecological roles. In this review article, we provide a current knowledge on the anthraquinoids reported from marine-derived fungi, isolated from various resources in both shallow waters such as mangrove plants and sediments of the mangrove habitat, coral reef, algae, sponges, and deep sea. This review also tentatively categorizes anthraquinone metabolites from the simplest to the most complicated scaffolds such as conjugated xanthone-anthraquinone derivatives and bianthraquinones, which have been isolated from marine-derived fungi especially from the genera , , , , , , , , and other fungal strains. The present review, covering a range from 2000 to 2021, was elaborated through a comprehensive literature search using the following databases: ACS publications, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Wiley Online Library, MDPI, Springer, and Thieme. Thereupon, we have summarized and categorized 296 anthraquinones and their derivatives, some of which showed a variety of biological properties such as enzyme inhibition, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitubercular (against ), cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antifouling, and antioxidant activities. In addition, proposed biogenetic pathways of some anthraquinone derivatives are also discussed.
Topics: Anthraquinones; Antifungal Agents; Ascomycota; Fungi; Penicillium; Polyketides
PubMed: 35892942
DOI: 10.3390/md20080474 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2019Stemphylium blight (SB) caused by Ascomycete, Wallr. has been a serious threat to lentil cultivation, mainly in Bangladesh, Nepal, India, and Canada since its first... (Review)
Review
Stemphylium blight (SB) caused by Ascomycete, Wallr. has been a serious threat to lentil cultivation, mainly in Bangladesh, Nepal, India, and Canada since its first outbreak in Bangladesh in 1986. The genus Wallr., a dematiaceous hyphomycete, comprises up to 150 species, and is pathogenic on a wide range of plants infecting leguminous as well as nonleguminous crops. In recent years, studies indicated overlapping in morphological characters among the different species under the genus , making the identification and description of species difficult. This necessitates different molecular phylogenetic analysis in species delimitation. Therefore, a detailed understanding of spatial diversity and population structure of the pathogen is pertinent for producing source material for resistance breeding. The role of different weather variables as predisposing factors for the rapid spread of the pathogen necessitates devising a disease predictive model for the judicial application of fungicides. A dearth of information regarding spore biology, epidemiology, race diversity, host-pathogen interaction, and holistic disease management approach necessitates immediate attention towards more intensive research efforts. This is the first comprehensive review on the current state of knowledge and research efforts being made for a better understanding of the SB resistance through cognizing biology, ecology, and epidemiology of . and effective disease management strategies to prevent widespread outbreaks of SB. The information regarding the biology and epidemiology of . is also crucial for strengthening the "Integrated Disease Management" (IDM) programme. The need for a regional research network is advocated where the disease is becoming endemic.
PubMed: 31717347
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040225 -
Studies in Mycology Jun 2013Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus that includes saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. In recent years,...
UNLABELLED
Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus that includes saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. In recent years, DNA-based studies revealed multiple non-monophyletic genera within the Alternaria complex, and Alternaria species clades that do not always correlate to species-groups based on morphological characteristics. The Alternaria complex currently comprises nine genera and eight Alternaria sections. The aim of this study was to delineate phylogenetic lineages within Alternaria and allied genera based on nucleotide sequence data of parts of the 18S nrDNA, 28S nrDNA, ITS, GAPDH, RPB2 and TEF1-alpha gene regions. Our data reveal a Pleospora/Stemphylium clade sister to Embellisia annulata, and a well-supported Alternaria clade. The Alternaria clade contains 24 internal clades and six monotypic lineages, the assemblage of which we recognise as Alternaria. This puts the genera Allewia, Brachycladium, Chalastospora, Chmelia, Crivellia, Embellisia, Lewia, Nimbya, Sinomyces, Teretispora, Ulocladium, Undifilum and Ybotromyces in synonymy with Alternaria. In this study, we treat the 24 internal clades in the Alternaria complex as sections, which is a continuation of a recent proposal for the taxonomic treatment of lineages in Alternaria. Embellisia annulata is synonymised with Dendryphiella salina, and together with Dendryphiella arenariae, are placed in the new genus Paradendryphiella. The sexual genera Clathrospora and Comoclathris, which were previously associated with Alternaria, cluster within the Pleosporaceae, outside Alternaria s. str., whereas Alternariaster, a genus formerly seen as part of Alternaria, clusters within the Leptosphaeriaceae. Paradendryphiella is newly described, the generic circumscription of Alternaria is emended, and 32 new combinations and 10 new names are proposed. A further 10 names are resurrected, while descriptions are provided for 16 new Alternaria sections.
TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES
New combinations - Alternaria abundans (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria alternariae (Cooke) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria atra (Preuss) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria bornmuelleri (Magnus) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria botrytis (Preuss) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria caespitosa (de Hoog & C. Rubio) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria cantlous (Yong Wang bis & X.G. Zhang) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria caricis (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria cinerea (Baucom & Creamer) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria didymospora (Munt.-Cvetk.) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria fulva (Baucom & Creamer) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria hyacinthi (de Hoog & P.J. Mull. bis) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria indefessa (E.G. Simmons) Woudenberg & Crous, Alternaria leptinellae (E.G. Simmons & C.F. Hill) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria lolii (E.G. Simmons & C.F. Hill) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria multiformis (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria obclavata (Crous & U. Braun) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria obovoidea (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria oudemansii (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria oxytropis (Q. Wang, Nagao & Kakish.) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria penicillata (Corda) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria planifunda (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria proteae (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria scirpinfestans (E.G. Simmons & D.A. Johnson) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria scirpivora (E.G. Simmons & D.A. Johnson) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria septospora (Preuss) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria slovaca (Svob.-Pol., L. Chmel & Bojan.) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria subcucurbitae (Yong Wang bis & X.G. Zhang) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria tellustris (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria tumida (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Paradendryphiella salina (G.K. Sutherl.) Woudenb. & Crous, Paradendryphiella arenariae (Nicot) Woudenb. & Crous. New names - Alternaria aspera Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria botryospora Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria brassicae-pekinensis Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria breviramosa Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria chlamydosporigena Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria concatenata Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria embellisia Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria heterospora Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria papavericola Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria terricola Woudenb. & Crous. Resurrected names - Alternaria cetera E.G. Simmons, Alternaria chartarum Preuss, Alternaria consortialis (Thüm.) J.W. Groves & S. Hughes, Alternaria cucurbitae Letendre & Roum., Alternaria dennisii M.B. Ellis, Alternaria eureka E.G. Simmons, Alternaria gomphrenae Togashi, Alternaria malorum (Ruehle) U. Braun, Crous & Dugan, Alternaria phragmospora Emden, Alternaria scirpicola (Fuckel) Sivan. New sections, all in Alternaria - sect. Chalastospora Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Cheiranthus Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Crivellia Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Dianthicola Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Embellisia Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Embellisioides Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Eureka Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Infectoriae Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Japonicae Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Nimbya Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Phragmosporae Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Pseudoulocladium Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Teretispora Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Ulocladioides Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Ulocladium Woudenb. & Crous, sect. Undifilum Woudenb. & Crous. New genus - Paradendryphiella Woudenb. & Crous.
PubMed: 24014900
DOI: 10.3114/sim0015 -
Toxins Apr 2022To cope with the rising food demand, modern agriculture practices are based on the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Although this strategy leads to a temporary...
To cope with the rising food demand, modern agriculture practices are based on the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Although this strategy leads to a temporary solution, it also severely damages the environment, representing a risk to human health. A sustainable alternative to agrochemicals is the use of plant metabolites and plant-based pesticides, known to have minimal environmental impact compared to synthetic pesticides. is a shrub growing in Algeria's desert areas, where it is commonly used in traditional medicine because of its antiseptic and antipyretic properties. Furthermore, its allelopathic features can be exploited to effectively control phytopathogens in the agricultural field. In this study, six compounds belonging to isoflavones and flavones subgroups have been isolated from the dichloromethane extract and identified using spectroscopic and optical methods as alpinumisoflavone, hydroxyalpinumisoflavone, laburnetin, licoflavone C, retamasin B, and ephedroidin. Their antifungal activity was evaluated against the fungal phytopathogen using a growth inhibition bioassay on PDA plates. Interestingly, the flavonoid laburnetin, the most active metabolite, displayed an inhibitory activity comparable to that exerted by the synthetic fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene, in a ten-fold lower concentration. The allelopathic activity of metabolites against parasitic weeds was also investigated using two independent parasitic weed bioassays to discover potential activities on either suicidal stimulation or radicle growth inhibition of broomrapes. In this latter bioassay, ephedroidin strongly inhibited the growth of radicles and, therefore, can be proposed as a natural herbicide.
Topics: Allelopathy; Biological Control Agents; Fabaceae; Herbicides; Humans; Plant Weeds
PubMed: 35622558
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050311 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Climate change is a major cause of the world's food security problems, and soil salinity is a severe hazard for a variety of crops. The exploitation of endophytic fungi...
Climate change is a major cause of the world's food security problems, and soil salinity is a severe hazard for a variety of crops. The exploitation of endophytic fungi that are known to have a positive association with plant roots is preferred for improving plant growth, yield, and overall performance under salt stress. The current study thus rationalized to address how salt stress affected the growth, biochemical properties, antioxidant capacity, endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and the ionic status of maize associated with endophytic fungus (). According to the findings, salt stress reduced chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, total protein, sugars, lipids, and endogenous IAA levels. Enhanced values of chlorophyll a/b ratio, carotenoids, secondary metabolites (phenol, flavonoids, and tannins), antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase), proline, and lipid peroxidation were noticed in maize plants under salt stress. Increased ionic content of Na, Cl, Na/K, and Na/Ca ratio, as well as decreased Ca, K, Mg, N, and P contents, were also found in salt-stressed maize plants. In comparison to the non-saline medium, endophytic association promoted the antioxidant enzyme activities (798.7 U/g protein; catalase activity, 106 U/g protein; ascorbate peroxidase activity), IAA content (3.47 mg/g FW), and phenolics and flavonoids (88 and 1.68 μg/g FW, respectively), and decreased MDA content (0.016 nmol/g FW), Na ion content (18 mg/g dry weight), Cl ion (16.6 mg/g dry weight), and Na/K (0.78) and Na/Ca (1.79) ratios, in maize plants under salt stress, whereas Ca, K, Mg, N, and P contents were increased in maize plants associated with under salt stress. Current research exposed the role of as an effective natural salt stress reducer and maize growth promoter; hence, it can be used as a biofertilizer to ameliorate salt stress tolerance in crops along with better growth performance in saline regions.
PubMed: 35898220
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.890565 -
Studies in Mycology Sep 2019This paper represents the third contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions, information about the...
This paper represents the third contribution in the Genera of Phytopathogenic Fungi (GOPHY) series. The series provides morphological descriptions, information about the pathology, distribution, hosts and disease symptoms for the treated genera, as well as primary and secondary DNA barcodes for the currently accepted species included in these. This third paper in the GOPHY series treats 21 genera of phytopathogenic fungi and their relatives including: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . This study includes three new genera, 42 new species, 23 new combinations, four new names, and three typifications of older names.
PubMed: 31636728
DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2019.05.001 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2022The Gtr1 protein was a member of the RagA subfamily of the Ras-like small GTPase superfamily and involved in phosphate acquisition, ribosome biogenesis and epigenetic...
The Gtr1 protein was a member of the RagA subfamily of the Ras-like small GTPase superfamily and involved in phosphate acquisition, ribosome biogenesis and epigenetic control of gene expression in yeast. However, Gtr1 regulation sexual or asexual development in filamentous fungi is barely accepted. In the study, SeGtr1, identified from , could manipulate mycelial growth, nuclear distribution of mycelium and the morphology of conidia in silenced strains compared with its overexpression transformants, while the sexual activity of silenced strains were unchanged. SeASF1, a H3/H4 chaperone, participated in nucleosome assembly/disassembly, DNA replication and transcriptional regulation. Our experiments showed that deletion mutants produced the hyphal fusion and abnormal conidia. Notably, we characterized that was down-regulated in Se∆ mutants and was also down-regulated in Si strains. We further confirmed that SeGtr1 interacted with SeASF1 or SeH4 in vivo and vitro, respectively. Thus, SeGtr1 can cooperate with SeASF1 to modulate asexual development in .
Topics: Ascomycota; Cell Cycle Proteins; GTP-Binding Proteins; Molecular Chaperones; Protein Binding; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
PubMed: 35955500
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158355