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Frontiers in Surgery 2015Despite a technically perfect procedure, surgical stress can determine the success or failure of an operation. Surgical trauma is often referred to as the "neglected... (Review)
Review
Despite a technically perfect procedure, surgical stress can determine the success or failure of an operation. Surgical trauma is often referred to as the "neglected step-child" of global health in terms of patient numbers, mortality, morbidity, and costs. A staggering 234 million major surgeries are performed every year, and depending upon country and institution, up to 4% of patients will die before leaving hospital, up to 15% will have serious post-operative morbidity, and 5-15% will be readmitted within 30 days. These percentages equate to around 1000 deaths and 4000 major complications every hour, and it has been estimated that 50% may be preventable. New frontline drugs are urgently required to make major surgery safer for the patient and more predictable for the surgeon. We review the basic physiology of the stress response from neuroendocrine to genomic systems, and discuss the paucity of clinical data supporting the use of statins, beta-adrenergic blockers and calcium-channel blockers. Since cardiac-related complications are the most common, particularly in the elderly, a key strategy would be to improve ventricular-arterial coupling to safeguard the endothelium and maintain tissue oxygenation. Reduced O2 supply is associated with glycocalyx shedding, decreased endothelial barrier function, fluid leakage, inflammation, and coagulopathy. A healthy endothelium may prevent these "secondary hit" complications, including possibly immunosuppression. Thus, the four pillars of whole body resynchronization during surgical trauma, and targets for new therapies, are: (1) the CNS, (2) the heart, (3) arterial supply and venous return functions, and (4) the endothelium. This is termed the Central-Cardio-Vascular-Endothelium (CCVE) coupling hypothesis. Since similar sterile injury cascades exist in critical illness, accidental trauma, hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, infection and burns, new drugs that improve CCVE coupling may find wide utility in civilian and military medicine.
PubMed: 26389122
DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2015.00043 -
Haematologica Feb 2019
Topics: Graft vs Host Disease; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Multiple Myeloma; Transplantation Conditioning; Transplantation, Homologous; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30705115
DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.206987 -
Annual Review of Psychology Jan 2024Historically, the human sense of smell has been regarded as the odd stepchild of the senses, especially compared to the sensory bravado of seeing, touching, and hearing.... (Review)
Review
Historically, the human sense of smell has been regarded as the odd stepchild of the senses, especially compared to the sensory bravado of seeing, touching, and hearing. The idea that the human olfaction has little to contribute to our experience of the world is commonplace, though with the emergence of COVID-19 there has rather been a sea change in this understanding. An ever increasing body of work has convincingly highlighted the keen capabilities of the human nose and the sophistication of the human olfactory system. Here, we provide a concise overview of the neuroscience of human olfaction spanning the last 10-15 years, with focus on the peripheral and central mechanisms that underlie how odor information is processed, packaged, parceled, predicted, and perturbed to serve odor-guided behaviors. We conclude by offering some guideposts for harnessing the next decade of olfactory research in all its shapes and forms.
Topics: Humans; Smell
PubMed: 37788573
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-042023-101155 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023MRE has become a standard imaging test for evaluating patients with small bowel pathology, but a rigorous methodology for describing and interpreting the pathological... (Review)
Review
Small Bowel Imaging from Stepchild of Roentgenology to MR Enterography, Part II: The Reliable Disclosure of Crohn's Disease and Non-Inflammatory Small Bowel Disorder Plot through MRI Findings.
MRE has become a standard imaging test for evaluating patients with small bowel pathology, but a rigorous methodology for describing and interpreting the pathological findings is mandatory. Strictures, abscess, inflammatory activity, sinus tract, wall edema, fistula, mucosal lesions, strictures, and mesentery fat hypertrophy are all indicators of small bowel damage in inflammatory and non-inflammatory small bowel disease, and they are all commonly and accurately explained by MRE. MRE is a non-invasive modality that accurately assesses the intra-luminal, parietal, and extra-luminal small bowel. Differential MRE appearance allows us to distinguish between Crohn's disease and non-inflammatory small bowel disorder. The purpose of this paper is to present the MRE pathological findings of small bowel disorder.
PubMed: 37763240
DOI: 10.3390/life13091836 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2021Aims This study explores the prevalence of being a past-year affected other (AO) of a problem gambler by gender. The aims were to study the amount and type of...
Aims This study explores the prevalence of being a past-year affected other (AO) of a problem gambler by gender. The aims were to study the amount and type of gambling-related harms (GRHs) for subgroups of AOs and to distinguish GRH profiles for AO subgroups. Methods A total of 7186 adults aged 18 years and over participated in the Gambling Harms Survey evaluating year 2016. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. Results Of all respondents, 12.9% were defined as past-year AOs (women 13.7%; men 12.1%). The proportion of affected non-family members (ANFs) was 8.4%, and 5.6% were affected family members (AFMs). AFMs were usually women, and ANFs were usually men. Emotional, relationship, and financial harms were the most common types of harm. The odds of experiencing financial harm were highest for the 18- to 34-year-olds (OR 1.82) and for those whose partner/ex-partner had a gambling problem (OR 3.91). Having a parent/step-parent (OR 1.93) and child/stepchild (OR 3.64) increased the odds of experiencing emotional harm, whereas male gender (OR 0.50) and being an ANF (OR 0.58) decreased emotional harm. Relationship harm was evident for partners/ex-partners (OR 1.97-5.07). Conclusions GRH profiles for AO subgroups varied, which emphasizes the need for effective harm minimization strategies for those in need.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Family; Female; Finland; Gambling; Harm Reduction; Humans; Male; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 34574487
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189564 -
Gut Microbes 2019Our recently published paper "Small Intestine Microbiota Regulate Digestive and Absorptive Adaptive Responses to Dietary Lipids" in Cell Host & Microbe explored the...
Our recently published paper "Small Intestine Microbiota Regulate Digestive and Absorptive Adaptive Responses to Dietary Lipids" in Cell Host & Microbe explored the neglected small intestine microbiota and demonstrated its critical role as a regulator of fat digestion and absorption. This work generated the following important take home messages: 1) small intestinal microbes are particularly sensitive to high fat diets and turn on host processes regulating fat digestion and transport, 2) this action is very likely orchestrated by a consortium of microbes, each having different specific effects and targets, and 3) the actions of this consortium appear to be mediated by bacteria-derived small molecules or bioactive components. These findings are expected to provide insight into developing treatments for conditions of under- or over-nutrition. The goal of this addendum is to summarize our findings, address issues related to gut microbiota and gnotobiotic research specifically regarding technology and experimental design, discuss this work in the context of relevant literature, and lastly provide considerations for future research.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Diet, High-Fat; Digestion; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Host Microbial Interactions; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Lipid Metabolism
PubMed: 30136893
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1502539 -
Biomolecules Mar 2023Proteomic studies using mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantification are a main approach to the discovery of new biomarkers. However, a number of analytical conditions in...
Proteomic studies using mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantification are a main approach to the discovery of new biomarkers. However, a number of analytical conditions in front and during MS data acquisition can affect the accuracy of the obtained outcome. Therefore, comprehensive quality assessment of the acquired data plays a central role in quantitative proteomics, though, due to the immense complexity of MS data, it is often neglected. Here, we address practically the quality assessment of quantitative MS data, describing key steps for the evaluation, including the levels of raw data, identification and quantification. With this, four independent datasets from cerebrospinal fluid, an important biofluid for neurodegenerative disease biomarker studies, were assessed, demonstrating that sample processing-based differences are already reflected at all three levels but with varying impacts on the quality of the quantitative data. Specifically, we provide guidance to critically interpret the quality of MS data for quantitative proteomics. Moreover, we provide the free and open source quality control tool , enabling systematic, rapid and uncomplicated data comparison of raw data, identification and feature detection levels through defined quality metrics and a step-by-step quality control workflow.
Topics: Humans; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Proteome; Proteomics; Biomarkers; Quality Control
PubMed: 36979426
DOI: 10.3390/biom13030491 -
The European Respiratory Journal Mar 2015
Topics: Animals; Dobutamine; Female; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Male; Ventricular Dysfunction, Right; Ventricular Function, Right
PubMed: 25726537
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00233614 -
Child Abuse & Neglect Jan 2022Limited prior research has examined the rates or predictors of re-perpetration of child maltreatment. Yet, perpetrators may have multiple victims, and perpetrators,...
BACKGROUND
Limited prior research has examined the rates or predictors of re-perpetration of child maltreatment. Yet, perpetrators may have multiple victims, and perpetrators, rather than their victims, are often the primary focus of child welfare services.
OBJECTIVE
We examine rates of child maltreatment re-perpetration of repeat and new victims, and test perpetrator demographics and maltreatment index incident case characteristics as predictors of re-perpetration.
PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING
We use a sample of 285,245 first-time perpetrators of a substantiated maltreatment incident in 2010 from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System.
METHODS
We use linear probability models with full information maximum likelihood to test new victim and same victim perpetration by the end of FY 2018.
RESULTS
Fifteen percent of perpetrators re-maltreated one or more of their original victims ("same victim re-perpetration"); 12% maltreated a new victim. Overall, re-perpetration was more common among younger, female, and White perpetrators. Perpetrators who were the biological or adoptive parent of their initial victim(s) had higher rates of same victim re-perpetration; new victim re-perpetration was more common among perpetrators who initially victimized an adoptive or stepchild. Same victim re-perpetration was less common among perpetrators of physical abuse than other types of maltreatment, and new victim re-perpetration was more common among perpetrators of sexual abuse and neglect than physical abuse.
CONCLUSIONS
Child welfare agencies should track re-perpetration in addition to revictimization as part of agency evaluations and risk assessments.
Topics: Child; Child Abuse; Child Protective Services; Crime Victims; Female; Humans; Parents; Sex Offenses
PubMed: 34856446
DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105419