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American Journal of Veterinary Research Jan 2023This study aims to quantitatively characterize the passive kinematics of the healthy, soft tissue-intact equine stifle to establish an objective foundation for providing...
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to quantitatively characterize the passive kinematics of the healthy, soft tissue-intact equine stifle to establish an objective foundation for providing insights into the etiology of stifle disorders and developing a possible surgical treatment for stifle degenerative disease.
ANIMALS
5 whole-horse specimens.
PROCEDURES
Reflective markers with intracortical bone pins and a motion capture system were used to investigate the stifle joint kinematics. Kinematics of 5 whole-horse specimens euthanized within 2 hours were calculated for internal/external rotation, adduction/abduction, and cranial/caudal translation of the medial and lateral femoral condyles and estimated joint contact centroids as functions of joint extension angle.
RESULTS
From 41.7° to 121.6° (mean ± SD, range of motion: 107.5° ± 7.2°) of joint extension, 13° ± 3.7° of tibial external rotation and 6° ± 2.7° of adduction were observed. The lateral femoral condyle demonstrated significantly greater cranial translation than the medial during extension (23.7 mm ± 9.3 mm vs. 14.3 mm ± 7.0 mm, P = .01). No significant difference was found between the cranial/caudal translation of estimated joint contact centroids in the medial and lateral compartment (13.3 mm ± 7.7 mm vs. 16.4 mm ± 5.8 mm, P = .16).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The findings share similarities with kinematics for human knees and sheep and dog stifles, suggesting it may be possible to translate what has been learned in human arthroplasty to treatment for equine stifles.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Horses; Movement; Range of Motion, Articular; Stifle
PubMed: 36576802
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.10.0171 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage May 2021While the prevalence of radiographic and symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) is higher in women, male mice are more frequently used in animal experiments to explore its... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
While the prevalence of radiographic and symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) is higher in women, male mice are more frequently used in animal experiments to explore its pathogenesis or drug efficacy. In this study, we examined whether sexual dimorphism affects pain and joint degeneration in destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) mouse model.
METHODS
DMM or sham surgery was performed on the knee of male and female C57BL/6 mice. Joint damage was assessed by safranin O staining and scored using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system. Von Frey hair, incapacitance, and rotarod tests were conducted to measure joint pain. The analgesic effect of capsazepine (CPZ), a TRPV1 antagonist, was compared between male and female mice.
RESULTS
Histology and OARSI scoring analysis showed that cartilage degeneration developed, and progressed in both male and female DMM groups, however, damage was less severe in females at the late stage of OA. Pain behavior, as measured by mechanical allodynia, was displayed for longer in male DMM mice compared to females. Incapacitance data showed that CPZ significantly reduced DMM-induced pain in male mice but not in female mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis demonstrated that DMM surgery increased the expression of TRPV1 in both female and male dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Injection of CPZ significantly suppressed TRPV1 expression in the DRG of male mice only.
CONCLUSION
Joint damage develops comparably in both female and male mice after DMM although it progresses less in females. There was a subtle sex difference in pain behaviors and analgesic efficacy of a TRPV1 antagonist, which was accompanied by a differential regulation of TPRV1.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Capsaicin; Cartilage, Articular; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Ganglia, Spinal; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Osteoarthritis; Pain; Sensory System Agents; Sex Factors; Stifle; TRPV Cation Channels; Mice
PubMed: 33609695
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.02.007 -
Open Veterinary Journal 2021Patellar luxation (PL) is a common orthopedic affection among farm and pet animals with mostly congenital (environmental and/or genetic) background.
BACKGROUND
Patellar luxation (PL) is a common orthopedic affection among farm and pet animals with mostly congenital (environmental and/or genetic) background.
AIM
We report here the first observation of lateral PL in Hejazi goats bred in Libya.
METHODS
Five Hejazi goats aged between 4 months and 2 years with severe hind limb lameness were admitted to Al-Sorouh veterinary clinic in Tripoli during the period from 2016 to 2018. The goats were thoroughly examined clinically and radiographically. Two goats were surgically treated, and the other three cases were not because of either the cost limitation or expected poor prognosis. The surgical intervention involved femoral trochlear sulcoplasty, medial joint capsule imbrication, and tibial tuberosity transposition.
RESULTS
The clinical examination showed grade III-IV lateral PL. Radiologically, there were unilateral or bilateral, ventrocaudal, and dorsal PLs. Two cases were referred to surgical correction. One case almost restored the normal movement of stifle joint together with a good general status 1 year postsurgery. However, the surgical treatment was not effective in correcting the luxated patella in the second case.
CONCLUSION
Lateral PL is common among orthopedic affections in Hejazi goats in Libya, and its surgical treatment provided a quite convenient approach. An association between inbreeding and the PL was suggested in those cases.
Topics: Animals; Goats; Patella; Patellar Dislocation; Stifle; Tibia
PubMed: 34307087
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2021.v11.i2.14 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 1996Lameness of the hindlimbs originating from the stifle joint may be difficult to diagnose and treat. This article describes anatomic considerations and the diagnostic... (Review)
Review
Lameness of the hindlimbs originating from the stifle joint may be difficult to diagnose and treat. This article describes anatomic considerations and the diagnostic procedures necessary to accurately evaluate the bovine stifle joint. The emphasis is toward obtaining a diagnosis based on physical examination and simple diagnostic procedures in field situation. Specific treatments and/or management alternatives for cattle with various ligament injuries (cranial cruciate rupture, collateral ligament injuries), or with luxated patella, upward fixation of the patella, septic arthritis, and subchondral bone cysts are described. Current knowledge of the prognosis after various treatments is presented.
Topics: Animals; Anterior Cruciate Ligament; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Arthroscopy; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Collateral Ligaments; Joint Diseases; Joint Dislocations; Patella; Prognosis; Radiography; Rupture; Stifle
PubMed: 8705809
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30437-0 -
Journal of Veterinary Science Sep 2018Arthroscopy has become an attractive modality in the diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases in toy breed dogs. However, the application of arthroscopy is limited by...
Arthroscopy has become an attractive modality in the diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases in toy breed dogs. However, the application of arthroscopy is limited by small joint space. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a stifle lever for joint distraction during stifle arthroscopy in toy breed dogs. Paired stifles (n = 32 each) collected from 16 cadavers of toy breed dogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the stifle lever group or the external manipulation group. All stifles underwent arthroscopic cranial cruciate ligament transection, and the visualization of the medial meniscus was evaluated. Medial meniscal release (MMR) was then performed. Following arthroscopic examination, the success rates of MMR and damages of tibial and femoral cartilages were evaluated. Visualization of the medial meniscus was significantly better, and meniscal probing was significantly easier, in the stifle lever group than in the external manipulation group ( = 0.001). There were no significant differences between groups for MMR success or articular cartilage damage. Using the stifle lever on arthroscopic examination improved visualization and probing on the medial meniscus in toy breed dogs. The stifle lever can be used as a good modality in assessing medial meniscal pathology in toy breed dogs.
Topics: Animals; Anterior Cruciate Ligament; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Arthroscopy; Cadaver; Dogs; Menisci, Tibial; Stifle
PubMed: 30041291
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.693 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Aug 2022To determine the following: (1) whether an irrigation solution that is hyperosmolar (HYPER) relative to synovial fluid decreases tissue extravasation during an...
OBJECTIVE
To determine the following: (1) whether an irrigation solution that is hyperosmolar (HYPER) relative to synovial fluid decreases tissue extravasation during an arthroscopic protocol when compared to a relatively hypoosmolar solution, (2) the safety of a HYPER solution based on viability of joint tissues following joint irrigation, and (3) if the use of a HYPER solution decreases water content in stifle joint tissue.
ANIMALS
8 adult horses.
PROCEDURES
A prospective, blinded, randomized controlled trial was performed to compare lactated Ringer's solution (LRS; 273 mOsm/L) and a HYPER (600 mOsm/L) irrigation solution for routine medial femorotibial joint (MFTJ) arthroscopy. Primary outcomes included quantification of periarticular fluid retention based on measured changes in defined stifle joint girth and ultrasonographic (US) criteria. Water content of tissue samples was assessed. The viability of articular cartilage was determined using a microscopic fluorescent cell viability staining system.
RESULTS
No significant difference in postprocedural joint swelling was observed between LRS and HYPER treatment groups. Percent increments in femorotibial joint dimensions (mean ± SD) were seen in both treatment groups based on US (LRS, 83.9 ± 84.6%; HYPER, 131.2 ± 144.9%) and caliper measurements (LRS 5.5 ± 4.3%; HYPER 7.5 ± 5.8%) (P ≤ .05). Chondrocyte viability and tissue water content were maintained in both treatment groups, and differences were not statistically significant.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Doubling the osmolarity of an irrigation solution used routinely for arthroscopy does not result in detrimental effects on chondrocyte viability or tissue water content. However, use of a relatively HYPER irrigation solution did not attenuate procedural tissue swelling of the equine stifle joint.
Topics: Animals; Arthroscopy; Horse Diseases; Horses; Joint Diseases; Prospective Studies; Stifle; Water
PubMed: 35986910
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.04.0074 -
Veterinary Surgery : VS Aug 2022To evaluate the effect of center of rotation of angulation (CORA)-based leveling osteotomy (CBLO) and hamstring load on stifle stability following cranial cruciate...
Effect of center of rotation of angulation-based leveling osteotomy on ex vivo stifle joint stability following cranial cruciate ligament transection and medial meniscal release with and without a hamstring load.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of center of rotation of angulation (CORA)-based leveling osteotomy (CBLO) and hamstring load on stifle stability following cranial cruciate ligament transection (CCLx) and medial meniscal release (MMR).
STUDY DESIGN
Ex vivo experimental study.
SAMPLE POPULATION
Cadaver hind limb preparations (n = 7).
METHODS
After instrumentation, constant quadriceps and gastrocnemius loads with an optional hamstring load in a 3:1:0.6 ratio were applied, and stifles were extended from fully flexed using an electrical motor during fluoroscopic recording. The recording process was repeated after each of CCLx, MMR and CBLO and the extracted landmark coordinates were used for calculation of cranial tibial translation (CTT) and patellar ligament angle (PTA).
RESULTS
Mean initial tibial plateau angle was 28.1°: post-CBLO the mean was 9.7°. Cranial tibial translation developed from 50° and 75° with CCLx and MMR respectively (p < .04, < .02) without hamstring loading. Hamstring loading mitigated CTT due to CCLx and delayed CTT until 120° for MMR (P < .02) in this model. CBLO prevented CTT, except at 140° without hamstring loading (P = .01). Similar results were seen for PTA, but CBLO curves were parallel to and lower than intact values at all tested angles (P < .04), consistent with induced effective joint flexion.
CONCLUSION
CBLO to a target tibial plateau angle of 10° largely eliminated CTT induced by CCLx and MMR. Hamstring loads of 20% quadriceps load improved stifle stability in this model.
IMPACT
Stifle stability following CBLO appears to be multifactorial and depends on meniscal integrity, joint angle, and hamstring strength.
Topics: Animals; Anterior Cruciate Ligament; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cadaver; Osteotomy; Rotation; Stifle; Tibia
PubMed: 35289413
DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13801 -
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics... May 2022
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Patellar Dislocation; Posture; Stifle
PubMed: 35760073
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749082 -
Veterinary Immunology and... Sep 2008The majority of studies on cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) disease to date have been carried out on dogs that already sustained a CrCL rupture, which is the end-stage... (Review)
Review
The majority of studies on cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) disease to date have been carried out on dogs that already sustained a CrCL rupture, which is the end-stage of the disease. Investigations have recently been carried out to study humoral and cellular immunopathological mechanisms in predisposed dogs before clinical rupture of the contralateral CrCL. The cruciate ligaments are mainly composed of collagen type I, and immune responses to collagen have been suggested as a cause of CrCL degradation in dogs. None of these investigations showed evidence that anticollagen type I antibodies alone initiate CrCL damage. However, in predisposed dogs a distinct anticollagen type I antibody gradient was found towards the contralateral stifle joint that eventually sustained a CrCL rupture, suggesting that there was an inflammatory process present in these joints before detectable joint instability occurred. The importance of cellular reactivity to collagen type I in cruciate disease also remains unclear. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation to collagen type I was very diverse in dogs with cruciate disease whereas some sham operated dogs and healthy dogs tested positive as well. It is not yet determined whether cellular reactivity to collagen type I exists locally in the stifle joints nor whether this could initiate CrCL degradation. Inflammatory processes within the stifle joint can alter the composition of the cruciate ligaments. In animal models of immune-mediated synovitis, the mechanical strength of the CrCL is significantly reduced. Immunohistochemical studies on synovial tissues from dogs with rheumatoid arthritis and dogs with cruciate disease revealed that the pathologic features are similar in both joint pathologies and that the differences are mainly quantitative. Joint inflammation induced by biochemical factors such as cytokines has been implied in CrCL degeneration. In several studies, the levels of pro-inflammatory and T helper cytokines were measured in dogs that sustained a CrCL rupture, but the exact role of the various cytokines in the pathogenesis of CrCL disease remains inconclusive. More recently, the levels of the cytokines have been investigated over time in predisposed dogs before and after CrCL rupture. IL-8 expression tended to be higher in stifle joints that will rupture their CrCL during the next 6 months than in those that will not, indicating an inflammatory process in these joints before clinical rupture. This review provides a comprehensive overview of all possible implications of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses published in dogs with cruciate disease together with publications from human joint diseases. Furthermore, this review highlights recent findings on cytokines and proteinases in the accompanying joint inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Anterior Cruciate Ligament; Antibody Formation; Collagen Type I; Cytokines; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Immunity, Cellular; Rupture; Stifle
PubMed: 18621423
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.023 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2018Stifle arthroscopy has been described to have high sensitivity and specificity in the evaluation of menisci in dogs, particularly for the medial meniscus. However, the...
BACKGROUND
Stifle arthroscopy has been described to have high sensitivity and specificity in the evaluation of menisci in dogs, particularly for the medial meniscus. However, the visualization of menisci can be difficult. The use of femoral distractors in human medicine has been described to simplify demanding surgical procedures, such as meniscus transplantation. In veterinary medicine, stifle distraction has been reported to facilitate access to the joint and visualization of intra-articular structures, but there are no studies reporting the use of a stifle distraction technique while performing challenging surgical procedures, such as meniscal suture, in clinical patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of stifle distraction to achieve consistent visualization of menisci and to facilitate performing arthroscopic procedures in clinical patients with stifle disease. Initial arthroscopic evaluation of the stifle joint was performed without distraction in the study population consisting of 13 dogs with naturally occurring stifle disease. The criteria for inclusion was prospectively set as the observation of a frank disease or anomaly of the menisci that could not be further treated or clarified without the risk of damaging the joint cartilage due to the requested manoeuvres. After the first examination, distraction was applied in order to complete the assessment of menisci. After achieving an accurate diagnosis, partial meniscectomy or meniscal repair was performed as needed while maintaining the distraction.
RESULTS
Complete visualization and assessment of menisci were achieved thanks to the use of distraction. This manoeuvre facilitated access to the required area of the involved meniscus, and meniscal treatment could be successfully performed without damaging the articular cartilage. During the follow-up period, no postoperative complication related to the distraction or to the arthroscopic procedure was observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Stifle joint distraction during arthroscopy in dogs improves visualization of both menisci, and particularly the caudal horn of the medial meniscus. Despite being a subjective assessment, it is the authors' opinion that this procedure also increases the ease of performing challenging procedures like meniscal suture, as it enlarges the space available to reach the correct working angulations.
Topics: Animals; Arthroscopy; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Joint Diseases; Male; Menisci, Tibial; Stifle
PubMed: 29954394
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1534-9