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American Journal of Physiology.... May 2021Gastric emptying and gastric accommodation play a role in generation of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Although both functions have been measured simultaneously using...
Gastric emptying and gastric accommodation play a role in generation of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Although both functions have been measured simultaneously using MRI or Tc SPECT methodology, the correlation of these two functions has not been evaluated simultaneously using a solid and liquid meal. To study relationships of whole or proximal stomach volumes to emptying, we concurrently measured postprandial gastric accommodation and emptying (over 4 h) of a In-labeled mixed solid and liquid meal. A semiautomated method allowing selection of a segmentation threshold based on a grayscale image was used to measure volume of the proximal half of the stomach, defined as the top half of axial slices along the vertical length of the stomach. A correction factor derived from phantom studies was applied for upscatter from the Tc to the In window. Relationships of time to emptying 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the meal to fasting and postprandial gastric volumes were evaluated using Spearman correlation. Whole stomach fed and accommodation volumes were significantly correlated with all gastric emptying times (10%, 25%, and 50%). Proximal stomach fed volumes were similarly associated with 50% and 75% proximal gastric emptying. Fed proximal gastric volume was associated with 50% and 75% whole gastric emptying. Fed proximal accommodation volume was associated with 50% gastric emptying. Fasting gastric volumes were not significant determinants of emptying rates. In conclusion, postprandial gastric accommodation is significantly associated with the rate of gastric emptying, with higher gastric volumes associated with prolongation of emptying. Novel methods to measure proximal gastric accommodation and correct for radioisotope upscatter are described. In vivo human studies evaluated concurrently the volume of the stomach during fasting and after a solid and liquid meal using a new SPECT-based method. Although fasting gastric volumes did not impact the rates of gastric emptying, both postprandial and accommodation volumes of the whole and proximal stomach were significantly correlated with gastric emptying. Larger stomach volumes were associated with slower gastric emptying.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Gastric Emptying; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Meals; Postprandial Period; Stomach; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Young Adult
PubMed: 33719546
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00008.2021 -
Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland :... 2021The aim: To study peculiarities of morphological and immunohistochemical changes of stomach's mucosa in eosinophilic gastritis in children.
OBJECTIVE
The aim: To study peculiarities of morphological and immunohistochemical changes of stomach's mucosa in eosinophilic gastritis in children.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Materials and methods: 64.1±6.0% patients with eosinophilic gastritis and 35.9±6.0% patients with lymphocytic gastritis participated in our investigation. In order to verify the diagnosis morphological and immunohistochemical diagnostics of the stomach's mucosa was performed in all children. To assess morphological changes in tissues the specimens were colored with hematoxylin, eosin and picrofuchsin by van Gieson's. Indirect streptavidin-peroxydase staining method was used for immunohistochemical investigation and the following indexes were assessed: proliferating cell nuclear antigen - PCNA, Bcl - 2, Вax, Collagen Type ІV, TGFβ and NF-κβ.
RESULTS
Results: Comparative analysis of morphologic investigation has demonstrated that eosinophilic gastritis is characterized by fibrosis and fibroblasts proliferation into basal and superficial parts of mucosa's lamina propria, multiple hemorrhages, thrombosis and erosions on the background of eosinophilic infiltration. Immunohistochemical indexes of cellular restoration in eosinophilic gastritis are characterized by increased proliferative activity and decreased indexes of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic activity. Prevalence of the reaction with the use of monoclonal antibodies to Collagen Type IV in majority of children with eosinophilic gastritis was characterized by separate fragmented foci in basal membranes of superficial epithelium. Remarkable TGFβ immune coloration was detected in majority of children on the background of fibrosis and eosinophilic infiltration of lamina propria. NF-κβ expression in epitheliocytes' cytoplasm and nuclei was uneven. Homogenous remarkable coloration was detected in majority of patients with lymphocytic infiltration of mucosa.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions: Eosinophilic gastritis course in children is characterized by remarkable inflammation, decreased regeneration of the mucosa, impairment of cellular restoration which is prognostic index of fibrous remodeling development.
Topics: Child; Enteritis; Eosinophilia; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Humans; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
PubMed: 34459778
DOI: No ID Found -
World Journal of Gastroenterology May 2014Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is widely adaptable for colonization in human stomachs in more than half of the world's population. The microorganism is characterized by... (Review)
Review
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is widely adaptable for colonization in human stomachs in more than half of the world's population. The microorganism is characterized by an unusual capability of arranging itself in both genotypic and phenotypic ways. Stressing conditions, including antimicrobial agents in sub-inhibitory concentrations, facilitate entering the viable but nonculturable state in which bacterial cells acquire the coccoid form. This morphotype represents an important strategy for bacterial survival in unsuitable conditions and also allows escape from the immune system. H. pylori is capable of forming biofilm outside and inside the host. For the bacterial population, the sessile growth mode represents an ideal environment for gene rearrangement, as it allows the acquiring of important tools aimed to improve bacterial "fitness" and species preservation. Biofilm formation in H. pylori in the human host also leads to recalcitrance to antibiotic treatment, thus hampering eradication. These lifestyle changes of H. pylori allow for a "safe haven" for its survival and persistence according to different ecological niches, and strongly emphasize the need for careful H. pylori surveillance to improve management of the infection.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Stomach; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 24914317
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5575 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Dec 2019Management of gastroparesis remains challenging, particularly in pediatric patients. Supportive care and pharmacological therapies for symptoms remain the mainstay... (Review)
Review
Management of gastroparesis remains challenging, particularly in pediatric patients. Supportive care and pharmacological therapies for symptoms remain the mainstay treatment. Although they are effective for mild and some moderately severe cases, often time they do not work for severe gastroparesis. There are a few prokinetics available, yet the use of these drugs is limited by a lack of persistent efficacy and/or safety concerns. Currently, the only modality for adult patients with severe intractable gastroparesis is surgery, ., pyloroplasty and partial gastrectomy, however, this option is generally considered too radical for a growing child. Novel therapeutic approaches, particularly those which are less invasive, are needed. This article explores gastric electrical stimulation (GES), a new therapy for gastroparesis. Unlike others, it neither needs medications nor gastrectomy; rather, it treats through the use of microelectrodes to deliver high-frequency low energy electric stimulation to the pacemaker area of the stomach. Thus, it is tolerated and safe in children. Like in adult patients, GES appears to work in releasing symptoms, improving nutrition, and enhancing the quality of life; it also helps wean off medications and eliminate many needs for hospitalization. Considering the transient nature of gastroparesis in children in many occasions, GES is considered a "bridging" therapy after failed medical interventions and before surgery.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Child; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Gastrectomy; Gastric Emptying; Gastroparesis; Humans; Neurotransmitter Agents; Palliative Care; Pylorus; Quality of Life; Stomach; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31908392
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i48.6880 -
Asian Journal of Surgery Feb 2023
Topics: Humans; Stomach
PubMed: 35965172
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.07.154 -
Human Brain Mapping Oct 2023Recent studies have reported that various brain regions, mainly sensory, unimodal regions, display phase synchronization with the stomach's slow (0.05 Hz)...
Recent studies have reported that various brain regions, mainly sensory, unimodal regions, display phase synchronization with the stomach's slow (0.05 Hz) myoelectrical rhythm. These gastric-brain interactions have broad implications, from feeding behavior to functional gastrointestinal disorders. However, in contrast to other interoceptive signals (e.g., heart rate) and their relation to the brain, little is known about the reliability of these gastric-brain interactions, their robustness to artifacts such as motion, and whether they can be generalized to new samples. Here we examined these aspects in 43 subjects that had undergone multiple runs of concurrent electrogastrography (EGG), brain fMRI, and pulse oximetry. We also repeated all analyses in an open dataset of a highly sampled individual. We found a set of brain regions that were coupled with the EGG signal after controlling for non-grey matter (GM) signals, head motion, and cardiac artifacts. These regions exhibited significant overlap with previous work. However, we also showed that prior to confound regression, the spatial extent of the gastric network was largely overestimated. Finally, we found substantial test-retest reliability in both the brain and the gastric signals when estimated alone, but not for measures of gastric-brain synchrony. Together, these results provide methodological scaffolding for future research into brain-stomach interactions and for a better understanding of the role of the gastric network.
Topics: Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Brain; Stomach; Brain Mapping; Electromyography; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37528686
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26436 -
Biology Letters Feb 2022Puffer and porcupine fishes (families Diodontidae and Tetraodontidae, order Tetradontiformes) are known for their extraordinary ability to triple their body size by...
Puffer and porcupine fishes (families Diodontidae and Tetraodontidae, order Tetradontiformes) are known for their extraordinary ability to triple their body size by swallowing and retaining large amounts of seawater in their accommodating stomachs. This inflation mechanism provides a defence to predation; however, it is associated with the secondary loss of the stomach's digestive function. Ingestion of alkaline seawater during inflation would make acidification inefficient (a potential driver for the loss of gastric digestion), paralleled by the loss of acid-peptic genes. We tested the hypothesis of stomach inflation as a driver for the convergent evolution of stomach loss by investigating the gastric phenotype and genotype of four distantly related stomach inflating gnathostomes: sargassum fish, swellshark, bearded goby and the pygmy leatherjacket. Strikingly, unlike in the puffer/porcupine fishes, we found no evidence for the loss of stomach function in sargassum fish, swellshark and bearded goby. Only the pygmy leatherjacket (Monochanthidae, Tetraodontiformes) lacked the gastric phenotype and genotype. In conclusion, ingestion of seawater for inflation, associated with loss of gastric acid secretion, is restricted to the Tetraodontiformes and is not a selective pressure for gastric loss in other reported gastric inflating fishes.
Topics: Animals; Digestion; Fishes; Humans; Perciformes; Seawater; Stomach
PubMed: 35104429
DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0583 -
Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver... Mar 2012
Topics: Aged; Gastroscopy; Humans; Ischemia; Male; Necrosis; Stomach; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 22457852
DOI: No ID Found -
Obesity Research Mar 2005In the vast majority of affected individuals, obesity involves overconsumption of food relative to calorie requirements. The sensory function of the stomach may play a... (Review)
Review
In the vast majority of affected individuals, obesity involves overconsumption of food relative to calorie requirements. The sensory function of the stomach may play a key role in the cessation of food ingestion. This sensation of the stomach is, in part, determined by its motor functions, such as tone and compliance and the rate of emptying. However, studies of gastric emptying in normal-weight and obese persons have shown inconsistent results. Gastric capacity was larger in obese persons when tested with an intragastric latex balloon filled with water. In contrast, other studies using the barostat or imaging (single-photon emission computed tomography) techniques reported no differences in gastric volume or compliance between obese and lean subjects. On the other hand, increased body mass and fasting gastric volume are independently associated with delayed satiation under standard laboratory conditions of food ingestion. These data suggest that changes in gastric motor and sensory functions in obesity may present useful targets to prevent and treat obesity. Further well-controlled, validated studies are needed to clarify the potential role of altering the stomach's function as a means of controlling food intake in obesity.
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Food; Gastric Emptying; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Obesity; Satiation; Sensation; Stomach; Weight Loss
PubMed: 15833933
DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.51 -
Journal of Food Science Sep 2010During gastric digestion, food is disintegrated by a complex interaction of chemical and mechanical effects. Although the mechanisms of chemical digestion are usually... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
During gastric digestion, food is disintegrated by a complex interaction of chemical and mechanical effects. Although the mechanisms of chemical digestion are usually characterized by using in vitro analysis, the difficulty in reproducing the stomach geometry and motility has prevented a good understanding of the local fluid dynamics of gastric contents. The goal of this study was to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to develop a 3-D model of the shape and motility pattern of the stomach wall during digestion, and use it to characterize the fluid dynamics of gastric contents of different viscosities. A geometrical model of an averaged-sized human stomach was created, and its motility was characterized by a series of antral-contraction waves of up to 80% relative occlusion. The flow field within the model (predicted using the software Fluent™) strongly depended on the viscosity of gastric contents. By increasing the viscosity, the formation of the 2 flow patterns commonly regarded as the main mechanisms driving digestion (i.e., the retropulsive jet-like motion and eddy structures) was significantly diminished, while a significant increase of the pressure field was predicted. These results were in good agreement with experimental data previously reported in the literature, and suggest that, contrary to the traditional idea of a rapid and complete homogenization of the meal, gastric contents associated with high viscous meals are poorly mixed. This study illustrates the capability of CFD to provide a unique insight into the fluid dynamics of the gastric contents, and points out its potential to develop a fundamental understanding and modeling of the mechanisms involved in the digestion process.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION
This study illustrates the capability of computational fluid dynamic techniques to provide a unique insight into the dynamics of the gastric contents, pointing out its potential to develop a fundamental understanding and modeling of the human digestion process.
Topics: Computational Biology; Digestion; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Hydrodynamics; Models, Anatomic; Stomach
PubMed: 21535567
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01748.x