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Archives of Razi Institute Nov 2021Oral aphthosis is a painful inflammatory process of the oral mucosa. Oral aphthous can appear alone or secondary to numerous distinct disease processes. If recurrence... (Review)
Review
Oral aphthosis is a painful inflammatory process of the oral mucosa. Oral aphthous can appear alone or secondary to numerous distinct disease processes. If recurrence occurs frequently, it is called recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The pathophysiology of oral aphthous ulcers remains unclear but various bacteria are part of its microbiology. Three morphological types hold great importance in literature because these types help manage the illness properly. Google Scholar and PubMed databases were used to retrieve the relevant data and information. Different keywords including "Aphthous", "Aphthosis", "Canker sores", "Aphthous stomatitis", "Aphthous ulcer causes", "Aphthous ulcer AND Microbiota" and "Aphthous ulcer AND treatment". The causes for oral aphthous ulcerations are widespread and ranges from localized trauma to rare syndromes, underlying intestinal disease, or even malignant disease processes. A detailed history and thorough examination of systems can assist the physician or dermatologist in defining whether it is related to a systemic disease process or truly idiopathic. Management of oral aphthous ulcers is challenging. For oral aphthous or recurrent aphthous ulcers from an underlying disease, topical medications are preferred due to their minimum side effects. Systemic medications are necessary if the disease progresses. Within the limitation of research and literature provided, it is safe to say that topical corticosteroids are the first line of treatment. Herein, the author discusses the pathophysiology, types, causes, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment ladder of oral aphthous stomatitis as described in the literature.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Recurrence; Stomatitis, Aphthous
PubMed: 35355774
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356055.1767 -
Journal of Experimental & Clinical... Oct 2020Inflammation response of epithelial mucosa to chemo- radiotherapy cytotoxic effects leads to mucositis, a painful side effect of antineoplastic treatments. About 40% of... (Review)
Review
Inflammation response of epithelial mucosa to chemo- radiotherapy cytotoxic effects leads to mucositis, a painful side effect of antineoplastic treatments. About 40% of the patients treated with chemotherapy develop mucositis; this percentage rises to about 90% for head and neck cancer patients (HNC) treated with both chemo- and radiotherapy. 19% of the latter will be hospitalized and will experience a delay in antineoplastic treatment for high-grade mucositis management, resulting in a reduction of the quality of life, a worse prognosis and an increase in patient management costs. Currently, several interventions and prevention guidelines are available, but their effectiveness is uncertain. This review comprehensively describes mucositis, debating the impact of standard chemo-radiotherapy and targeted therapy on mucositis development and pointing out the limits and the benefits of current mucositis treatment strategies and assessment guidelines. Moreover, the review critically examines the feasibility of the existing biomarkers to predict patient risk of developing oral mucositis and their role in early diagnosis. Despite the expression levels of some proteins involved in the inflammation response, such as TNF-α or IL-1β, partially correlate with mucositis process, their presence does not exclude others mucositis-independent inflammation events. This strongly suggests the need to discover biomarkers that specifically feature mucositis process development. Non-coding RNAs might hold this potential.
Topics: Chemoradiotherapy; Humans; Neoplasms; Quality of Life; Stomatitis
PubMed: 33028357
DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01715-7 -
Dental Clinics of North America Apr 2014Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common ulcerative disease affecting the oral mucosa. RAS occurs mostly in healthy individuals and has an atypical... (Review)
Review
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common ulcerative disease affecting the oral mucosa. RAS occurs mostly in healthy individuals and has an atypical clinical presentation in immunocompromised individuals. The etiology of RAS is still unknown, but several local, systemic, immunologic, genetic, allergic, nutritional, and microbial factors, as well as immunosuppressive drugs, have been proposed as causative agents. Clinical management of RAS using topical and systemic therapies is based on severity of symptoms and the frequency, size, and number of lesions. The goals of therapy are to decrease pain and ulcer size, promote healing, and decrease the frequency of recurrence.
Topics: Humans; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Stomatitis, Aphthous; Wound Healing
PubMed: 24655523
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2013.12.002 -
Current Treatment Options in Oncology Mar 2022Oral mucositis (OM) causes significant detriment to patient quality of life. Despite advances in RT, chemotherapy, and surgery for HNC which have led to improved local... (Review)
Review
Oral mucositis (OM) causes significant detriment to patient quality of life. Despite advances in RT, chemotherapy, and surgery for HNC which have led to improved local control and survival, management of certain toxicities such as OM have not kept pace. Numerous strategies have emerged with demonstrable benefit in preventing severe OM. However, ones which are not only effective, but practical and affordable to implement are rare. For example, infusion of growth factors or free radical scavengers, and daily treatment of intra-oral sites with lasers are supported by high-quality evidence but have not become widely adopted. It falls to familiarity of the physician with the available preventative measures and ultimately, patient preference in accepting which strategies for OM amelioration are used. In this review, we present a pathophysiological-based review of prevention techniques available for reducing the incidence and duration of severe OM.
Topics: Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Incidence; Quality of Life; Radiation Injuries; Stomatitis
PubMed: 35244887
DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00959-z -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jan 2019Background and o: Oral mucositis is one of the main adverse events of cancer treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. It presents as erythema, atrophy or/and...
Background and o: Oral mucositis is one of the main adverse events of cancer treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. It presents as erythema, atrophy or/and ulceration of oral mucosa. It occurs in almost all patients, who receive radiation therapy of the head and neck area and from 20% to 80% of patients who receive chemotherapy. There are few clinical trials in the literature proving any kind of treatment or prevention methods to be effective. Therefore, the aim of this study is to perform systematic review of literature and examine the most effective treatment and prevention methods for chemotherapy or/and radiotherapy induced oral mucositis. : Clinical human trials, published from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2017 in English, were included in this systematic review of literature. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) protocol was followed while planning, providing objectives, selecting studies and analyzing data for this systematic review. "MEDLINE" and "PubMed Central" databases were used to search eligible clinical trials. Clinical trials researching medication, oral hygiene, cryotherapy or laser therapy efficiency in treatment or/and prevention of oral mucositis were included in this systematic review. : Results of the studies used in this systematic review of literature showed that laser therapy, cryotherapy, professional oral hygiene, antimicrobial agents, Royal jelly, L. brevis lozenges, Zync supplementation and Benzydamine are the best treatment or/and prevention methods for oral mucositis. : Palifermin, Chlorhexidine, Smecta, Actovegin, Kangfuxin, L. brevis lozenges, Royal jelly, Zync supplement, Benzydamine, cryotherapy, laser therapy and professional oral hygiene may be used in oral mucositis treatment and prevention.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cryotherapy; Fatty Acids; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Laser Therapy; Oral Hygiene; Radiotherapy; Stomatitis
PubMed: 30678228
DOI: 10.3390/medicina55020025 -
CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians Jan 2022Oral mucositis (OM) is a common, highly symptomatic complication of cancer therapy that affects patients' function, quality of life, and ability to tolerate treatment.... (Review)
Review
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common, highly symptomatic complication of cancer therapy that affects patients' function, quality of life, and ability to tolerate treatment. In certain patients with cancer, OM is associated with increased mortality. Research on the management of OM is ongoing. Oral mucosal toxicities are also reported in targeted and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. The objective of this article is to present current knowledge about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, assessment, risk prediction, and current and developing intervention strategies for OM and other ulcerative mucosal toxicities caused by both conventional and evolving forms of cancer therapy.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Neoplasms; Oral Ulcer; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Radiation Injuries; Severity of Illness Index; Stomatitis
PubMed: 34714553
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21704 -
European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry Mar 2022Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a painful and common ulcerative form that can pose a diagnostic challenge. In fact, similar oral ulcers can appear secondary to a... (Review)
Review
AIM
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a painful and common ulcerative form that can pose a diagnostic challenge. In fact, similar oral ulcers can appear secondary to a variety of well-defined pathological conditions. Thus, the purpose of this work was to update the current knowledge about RAS METHODS: A narrative review is presented aiming to clarify the extensive differential diagnosis of RAS and its management.
CONCLUSION
As a first aid in relieving the pain, topical applications of corticosteroids, antibiotics, and analgesics are highly recommended, while systemic therapy of RAS should be used in the case of multiple painful ulcerations compromising the quality of life of the patient. Also, natural anti-inflammatory substances from medicinal herbs, in the form of essential oils and extracts are promising agents in the management of RAS.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Quality of Life; Stomatitis, Aphthous
PubMed: 35274547
DOI: 10.23804/ejpd.2022.23.01.14 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Aug 2023Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a debilitating disease for cats and a challenge for veterinarians and cat caregivers alike. Recent literature indicates that... (Review)
Review
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a debilitating disease for cats and a challenge for veterinarians and cat caregivers alike. Recent literature indicates that the disease is immune-mediated in nature and likely associated with a chronic viral infection in patients with higher alpha diversity of their subgingival microbiome. The immune-mediated nature of FCGS includes both local as well as systemic effects, and the transcriptomic analysis of affected patients supports these findings.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Localized therapy in the form of surgical extraction of all, or nearly all, teeth continues to be the mainstay of treatment. For cats that do not respond to surgical management, medical management, in the form of immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapy, remains an option. Analgesia is of fundamental importance. Immunomodulation utilizing mesenchymal stromal cell therapy provides an alternative treatment avenue for refractory patients and likely targets the chronic viral infection present in this disease. The potential for treatment stratification and use of novel systemic treatment options may be revealed as the molecular pathways involved in this disease are better described.
AIMS
This review outlines current and emerging concepts linking available science pertaining to FCGS and clinical management of the disease.
EVIDENCE BASE
The article draws on the best evidence base at this juncture and is also driven by the authors' collective experience of working on the disease for over a decade.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Stomatitis; Pain Management; Cat Diseases
PubMed: 37548475
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X231186834 -
Minerva Stomatologica Jun 2018Recurrent aphtous stomatitis (recurrent aphtous ulcers, canker sores) is the most common ulcerative disease of the oral mucosa. In this paper we presented the main... (Review)
Review
Recurrent aphtous stomatitis (recurrent aphtous ulcers, canker sores) is the most common ulcerative disease of the oral mucosa. In this paper we presented the main clinical features, epidemiologic data, etiopathogenetic factors and clinical management, based on the current medical literature reports.
Topics: Humans; Recurrence; Stomatitis, Aphthous
PubMed: 29332375
DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4970.18.04137-7 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2020Oral mucositis is a toxic side effect of non-surgical cancer treatments: chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which strongly impair quality of life and can not only cause... (Review)
Review
Oral mucositis is a toxic side effect of non-surgical cancer treatments: chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which strongly impair quality of life and can not only cause strong pain, but also lead to problems with basic physiological needs as eating and swallowing. Development of oral mucositis is associated with type, dosage, and schedule of radiation or chemotherapy and other factors related to patients. Management of oral mucositis is a valid problem, requiring topical application of anesthetics, coating agents, cryotherapy, low level laser therapy, pharmacological methods as usage of keratinocyte growth factors, supplementation of vitamins, and a proper diet. Another approach to oral mucositis measurement includesphotobiomodulation, which brings analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.Although oral mucositis is a general health issues, the role of proper dental care is essential. It should include elimination of all potential sources of mucosal injury and microorganisms inhabiting theoral cavity through oral hygiene education,professional management ofdental plaque,and treatment of the caries and periodontium, which are necessary to reduce the risk of inflammation in the oral cavity. This paper describes the possibilities of monitoring oral mucositis,taking into account the latest therapeutic achievements.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Humans; Neoplasms; Quality of Life; Stomatitis
PubMed: 32260309
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072464