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Clinical Gastroenterology and... Nov 2019Patients with cirrhosis have intestinal dysbiosis and are prone to itching and skin or soft-tissue infections. The skin microbiome, and its relationship with intestinal...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Patients with cirrhosis have intestinal dysbiosis and are prone to itching and skin or soft-tissue infections. The skin microbiome, and its relationship with intestinal microbiome, have not been characterized. We investigated alterations in skin microbiota of patients with cirrhosis and their association with intestinal microbiota and modulators of itch.
METHODS
We collected skin swabs at 7 sites and blood and stool samples from 20 healthy individuals (control subjects; mean age, 59 years) and 50 patients with cirrhosis (mean age, 61 years; mean model for end-stage disease score, 12; 20 with decompensation). Skin and stool samples were analyzed by 16s rRNA sequencing and serum samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for levels of bile acids (BAs) and by an ELISA for autotaxin (an itch modulator). Participants were analyzed by the visual analog itch scale (VAS, 0-10,10 = maximum intensity). Data were compared between groups (cirrhosis vs control subjects, with vs without decompensation, VAS 5 or higher vs less than 5). Correlation networks between serum levels of BAs and skin microbiomes were compared between patients with cirrhosis with vs without itching.
RESULTS
The composition of microbiomes at all skin sites differed between control subjects and patients with cirrhosis and between patients with compensated vs decompensated cirrhosis. Skin microbiomes of patients with cirrhosis (especially those with decompensation) contained a higher relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, Streptococaceae, and Staphylococcaceae, and fecal microbiomes contained a higher relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, than control subjects. These bacterial taxa were associated with serum levels of autotaxin and BAs, which were higher in patients with VAS scores ≥5. Based on network statistics, microbial and BA interactions at all sites were more complex in patients with greater levels of itching in the shin, the most common site of itch.
CONCLUSIONS
We identified alterations in skin microbiome of patients with cirrhosis (in Gammaproteobacteria, Streptococcaceae, and Staphylococcaceae)-especially in patients with decompensation; fecal microbiomes of patients with cirrhosis had a higher relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria than control subjects. These specific microbial taxa are associated with itching intensity and itch modulators, such as serum levels of BAs and autotaxin.
Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Case-Control Studies; Feces; Female; Gammaproteobacteria; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Pruritus; Skin; Staphylococcaceae; Streptococcaceae; Visual Analog Scale
PubMed: 30905718
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.03.028 -
Journal of Bacteriology Jun 1954
Topics: Streptococcus; Streptococcus thermophilus
PubMed: 13174501
DOI: 10.1128/jb.67.6.714-717.1954 -
Journal of Dental Research Jan 2021is known to form polymicrobial biofilms with various spp., including mitis and mutans group streptococci. (mitis group) has been shown to bind avidly to hyphae via...
is known to form polymicrobial biofilms with various spp., including mitis and mutans group streptococci. (mitis group) has been shown to bind avidly to hyphae via direct cell-to-cell interaction, while the cariogenic pathogen (mutans group) interacts with the fungal cells via extracellular glucans. However, the biophysical properties of these cross-kingdom interactions at the single-cell level during the early stage of biofilm formation remain understudied. Here, we examined the binding forces between (or ) and in the presence and absence of in situ glucans on the fungal surface using single-cell atomic force microscopy and their influence on biofilm initiation and subsequent development under cariogenic conditions. The data show that binding force to the surface is significantly higher than that of to the fungal surface (~2-fold). However, binding forces are dramatically enhanced when the cell surface is locally coated with extracellular glucans (~6-fold vs. uncoated ), which vastly exceeds the forces between and. The enhanced binding affinity of to glucan-coated resulted in a larger structure during early biofilm initiation compared to biofilms. Ultimately, this resulted in dominance composition in the 3-species biofilm model under cariogenic conditions. This study provides a novel biophysical aspect of -streptococcal interaction whereby extracellular glucans may selectively favor binding interactions with during cariogenic biofilm development.
Topics: Biofilms; Candida albicans; Cell Communication; Streptococcus gordonii; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 32853527
DOI: 10.1177/0022034520950286 -
Research in Microbiology Dec 2000Novel concepts and methodologies are emerging that hold great promise for the directed improvement of food-related bacteria, specifically lactic acid bacteria. Also, the... (Review)
Review
Novel concepts and methodologies are emerging that hold great promise for the directed improvement of food-related bacteria, specifically lactic acid bacteria. Also, the battle against food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria can now be fought more effectively. Here we describe recent advances in microbial physiology and genomic research of these organisms that enable novel strategies for obtaining safe, healthy, and good-tasting fermented food products.
Topics: Bacteriocins; Bifidobacterium; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Food Technology; Gene Expression; Genomics; Lactic Acid; Lactobacillus; Lactococcus; Lactococcus lactis; Probiotics
PubMed: 11191806
DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(00)01147-5 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Recent studies have shown phenotypic and metabolic heterogeneity in related species including , a typical oral commensal bacterium, , a cariogenic bacterium, and , which...
Recent studies have shown phenotypic and metabolic heterogeneity in related species including , a typical oral commensal bacterium, , a cariogenic bacterium, and , which functions as an accessory pathogen in periodontopathic biofilm. In this study, metabolites characteristically contained in the saliva of individuals with good oral hygiene were determined, after which the effects of an identified prebiotic candidate, D-tagatose, on phenotype, gene expression, and metabolic profiles of those three key bacterial species were investigated. Examinations of the saliva metabolome of 18 systemically healthy volunteers identified salivary D-tagatose as associated with lower dental biofilm abundance in the oral cavity (Spearman's correlation coefficient; = -0.603, = 0.008), then the effects of D-tagatose on oral streptococci were analyzed . In chemically defined medium (CDM) containing D-tagatose as the sole carbohydrate source, and each showed negligible biofilm formation, whereas significant biofilms were formed in cultures of . Furthermore, even in the presence of glucose, and showed growth suppression and decreases in the final viable cell count in a D-tagatose concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, no inhibitory effects of D-tagatose on the growth of were observed. To investigate species-specific inhibition by D-tagatose, the metabolomic profiles of D-tagatose-treated , , and cells were examined. The intracellular amounts of pyruvate-derived amino acids in and , but not in , such as branched-chain amino acids and alanine, tended to decrease in the presence of D-tagatose. This phenomenon indicates that D-tagatose inhibits growth of those bacteria by affecting glycolysis and its downstream metabolism. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that D-tagatose is abundant in saliva of individuals with good oral health. Additionally, experimental results demonstrated that D-tagatose selectively inhibits growth of the oral pathogens and . In contrast, the oral commensal seemed to be negligibly affected, thus highlighting the potential of administration of D-tagatose as an oral prebiotic for its ability to manipulate the metabolism of those targeted oral streptococci.
Topics: Biofilms; Hexoses; Humans; Prebiotics; Species Specificity; Streptococcus gordonii; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 34804997
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.767944 -
Microbiological Research Jan 2011Due to the major role of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in the etiology of dental caries, it is important to use culture media that allow for...
Due to the major role of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in the etiology of dental caries, it is important to use culture media that allow for differentiating these bacterial species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a modified SB-20 culture medium (SB-20M) for the isolation and morphological differentiation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus, compared to biochemical identification (biotyping). Saliva samples were collected using the spatula method from 145 children, seeded on plates containing the SB-20M, in which sucrose was replaced by coarse granular cane sugar, and incubated in microaerophilia at 37°C during 72 h. Identification of the microorganisms was performed under stereomicroscopy based on colony morphology of 4904 colonies. The morphological identification was examined by biochemical tests of 94 randomly selected colonies with the macroscopic characteristic of S. mutans and S. sobrinus using sugar fermentation, resistance to bacitracin and production of hydrogen peroxide. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between morphological identification in the SB-20M medium and biochemical identification (biotyping). Biotyping confirmed that S. mutans and S. sobrinus colonies were correctly characterized in the SB-20M in 95.8% and 95.5% of the cases, respectively. Of the mutans streptococci detected in the children 98% were S. mutans and 2% S. sobrinus. The SB-20M medium is reliable for detection and direct morphological identification of S. mutans and S. sobrinus.
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Child; Culture Media; Dental Caries; Humans; Saliva; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sobrinus
PubMed: 20092983
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2010.01.001 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2019/ complex (SBSEC), a non-enterococcal group D spp. complex, has been described as commensal bacteria in humans and animals, with a fecal carriage rate in humans varying... (Review)
Review
/ complex (SBSEC), a non-enterococcal group D spp. complex, has been described as commensal bacteria in humans and animals, with a fecal carriage rate in humans varying from 5% to over 60%. Among streptococci, SBSEC isolates represent the most antibiotic-resistant species-with variable resistance rates reported for clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and levofloxacin-and might act as a reservoir of multiple acquired genes. Moreover, reduced susceptibility to penicillin and vancomycin associated with mobile genetic elements have also been detected, although rarely. Since the association of SBSEC bacteremia and colon lesions, infective endocarditis and hepatobiliary diseases has been established, particularly in elderly individuals, an accurate identification of SBSEC isolates to the species and subspecies level, as well as the evaluation of antibiotic resistance, are needed. In this paper, we reviewed the major methods used to identify SBSEC isolates and the antimicrobial resistance rates reported in the scientific literature among SBSEC species.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus bovis
PubMed: 30678042
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030480 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2021Our aim was to evaluate clinical, biochemical and microbiological markers related to dental caries in adults. A sample that consisted of 75 volunteers was utilized. The...
Our aim was to evaluate clinical, biochemical and microbiological markers related to dental caries in adults. A sample that consisted of 75 volunteers was utilized. The presence of caries and the presence of plaque and gingival indices were determined. Unstimulated salivary flow, pH, lactate, and were measured in the participants' plaque and saliva samples before and after rinsing with a sugar solution. Lactate in plaque was found to be significantly related to age, gender, tooth-brushing frequency, the presence of cavitated caries lesions and plaque and gingival indices ( < 0.05). The levels of in plaque increased significantly with tooth-brushing frequency ( = 0.03). Normalized plaque values and the percentage of were slightly higher in patients with basal lactic acid levels ≤ 50 mg/L. After rinsing with a sugary solution, the percentage of levels in plaque were higher in patients with lactic acid levels > 350 mg/L ( = 0.03). Tooth-brushing frequency was the factor which was most associated with oral health. Women reflected better clinical and biochemical parameters than men. Low pH and high lactic acid levels tended to be associated with high caries rates. No association was found between bacteria levels and caries indices.
Topics: Adult; Dental Caries; Female; Humans; Male; Saliva; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 34199794
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116049 -
BMC Oral Health Dec 2014To investigate the microbial composition of biofilms at inflamed peri-implant and periodontal tissues in the same subject, using 16S rRNA sequencing.
BACKGROUND
To investigate the microbial composition of biofilms at inflamed peri-implant and periodontal tissues in the same subject, using 16S rRNA sequencing.
METHODS
Supra- and submucosal, and supra- and subgingival plaque samples were collected from 7 subjects suffering from diseased peri-implant and periodontal tissues. Bacterial DNA was isolated and 16S rRNA genes were amplified, sequenced and aligned for the identification of bacterial genera.
RESULTS
43734 chimera-depleted, denoised sequences were identified, corresponding to 1 phylum, 8 classes, 10 orders, 44 families and 150 genera. The most abundant families or genera found in supramucosal or supragingival plaque were Streptoccocaceae, Rothia and Porphyromonas. In submucosal plaque, the most abundant family or genera found were Rothia, Streptococcaceae and Porphyromonas on implants. The most abundant subgingival bacteria on teeth were Prevotella, Streptococcaceae, and TG5. The number of sequences found for the genera Tannerella and Aggregatibacter on implants differed significantly between supra- and submucosal locations before multiple testing. The analyses demonstrated no significant differences between microbiomes on implants and teeth in supra- or submucosal and supra- or subgingival biofilms.
CONCLUSION
Diseased peri-implant and periodontal tissues in the same subject share similiar bacterial genera and based on the analysis of taxa on a genus level biofilm compositions may not account for the potentially distinct pathologies at implants or teeth.
Topics: Actinomycetaceae; Aggregatibacter; Bacteria; Bacteroides; Biofilms; DNA, Bacterial; Dental Deposits; Dental Implants; Dental Plaque Index; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas; Prevotella; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Streptococcaceae
PubMed: 25518856
DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-157 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2020Dental caries is the most prevalent oral disease affecting nearly 70% of children in India and elsewhere. Micro-ecological niche based acidification due to dysbiosis in...
Dental caries is the most prevalent oral disease affecting nearly 70% of children in India and elsewhere. Micro-ecological niche based acidification due to dysbiosis in oral microbiome are crucial for caries onset and progression. Here we report the tooth bacteriome diversity compared in Indian children with caries free (CF), severe early childhood caries (SC) and recurrent caries (RC). High quality V3-V4 amplicon sequencing revealed that SC exhibited high bacterial diversity with unique combination and interrelationship. Gracillibacteria_GN02 and TM7 were unique in CF and SC respectively, while Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria were significantly high in RC. Interestingly, we found Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus clade 071 in all groups with significant abundance in SC and RC. Positive correlation between low and high abundant bacteria as well as with TCS, PTS and ABC transporters were seen from co-occurrence network analysis. This could lead to persistence of SC niche resulting in RC. Comparative in vitro assessment of biofilm formation showed that the standard culture of S. oralis and its phylogenetically similar clinical isolates showed profound biofilm formation and augmented the growth and enhanced biofilm formation in S. mutans in both dual and multispecies cultures.
Topics: Biofilms; Fusobacteria; Humans; Phylogeny; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus oralis
PubMed: 33277566
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78057-z