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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020The objective of this study was to describe bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility results in 476 dogs presenting with suspected bacterial keratitis in Iowa and...
The objective of this study was to describe bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility results in 476 dogs presenting with suspected bacterial keratitis in Iowa and surrounding Midwestern states, further detailing trends in patient characteristics, seasonality, and antimicrobial resistance. Corneal swabs yielded 465 bacterial isolates and 220 cultures (46.2%) with no apparent growth (0-5 isolates per culture). The most frequent bacterial genera were (32.3%), (19.1%), and (12.5%), while the most common bacterial species were (26.7%), (12%), and (7.5%). Compared to mixed-breed dogs, canine breeds most likely to be examined for ulcerative keratitis included Boston terrier, Cavalier King Charles spaniel, miniature pinscher, pug, rat terrier, Saint Bernard, shih tzu, and silky terriers. In summer, the likelihood to yield a negative culture was reduced while the likelihood to culture species was increased. Bacteria considered multidrug resistant (MDR, resistant to ≥ 3 antibiotic classes) represented 20% of all canine isolates and were most prevalent for species (33%). An alarming, escalating trend of MDR prevalence was noted between 2016 (5%) and 2020 (34%). Individual ophthalmic preparations (i.e., single antibiotics or commercially available antibiotic combinations) with highest efficacy against all bacterial isolates included chloramphenicol (83%), ceftiofur (79%), amikacin (77%), neomycin-polymyxin B-bacitracin (77%), and gentamicin (74%). Efficacy of systemic antibiotics and combinations of ophthalmic preparations was also evaluated. Based on the present findings, triple antibiotic (Neo-Poly-Bac) is recommended as empirical monotherapy for prophylactic antibiotic therapy in dogs with simple corneal ulcers, while a chloramphenicol-ciprofloxacin combination is empirically recommended for therapeutic management of infected corneal ulcers. Pending culture and susceptibility results, appropriate selection of empiric antibiotic therapy is important to enhance therapeutic outcome and reduce antibacterial resistance in dogs with corneal ulceration.
PubMed: 33330707
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.583965 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021The volatile components of areca nuts were isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME, DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber extraction) and simultaneous...
The volatile components of areca nuts were isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME, DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber extraction) and simultaneous hydrodistillation-extraction (SHDE) and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Furthermore, all SHDE fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity using the disk diffusion method on nine Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (, , , , , , , , and ). In total, 98 compounds (mainly alcohols, carbonyl compounds, fatty acids, esters, terpenes, terpenoids, and aliphatic hydrocarbons) were identified in SHDE fractions and by using SPME extraction Fatty acids were the main group of volatile constituents detected in all types of extracts. The microorganism most sensitive to the extract of the areca nut was . The results can provide essential information for the application of different treatments of areca nuts in the canning industry or as natural antibiotics.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Areca; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Solid Phase Microextraction; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 34946508
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247422 -
Journal of Dairy Science Oct 2015Bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus canis is relatively rare. Consequently, many epidemiologic aspects of the infection, including factors that mediate crossing of...
Bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus canis is relatively rare. Consequently, many epidemiologic aspects of the infection, including factors that mediate crossing of host species barriers by the pathogen, infectiousness of the microorganism to the mammary gland, and the course of the disease within a herd, are still not elucidated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe results of a 15-mo observation of subclinical Strep. canis mastitis on a dairy farm housing 76 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows. Upon 3 visits to the farm during a period between April 2013 and June 2014, Strep. canis was cultured from milk samples of 17 (22.4% of the herd), 7 (9.6%), and 8 (11.3%) cows, respectively. The isolates obtained were characterized phenotypically by means of the API Strep identification kit (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France), as well as genetically by using random amplified polymorphic DNA and macrorestriction analysis of the chromosomal DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All strains displayed the same biochemical features, and the molecular methods revealed that the isolates belonged to a single clone or were very closely related. Results of the study indicate that Strep. canis is capable of causing intramammary infections of long duration, behaving in a contagious manner. Because a persistently infected cow may serve as the source of Strep. canis infection for other animals, effective control of this type of udder infection within a herd may require similar measures to those adopted in Streptococcus agalactiae eradication programs.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; DNA, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Female; France; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus
PubMed: 26233445
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9454 -
Journal of Veterinary Science Sep 2023Leopard cat () is a small wild cat assessed as an endangered wildlife in Korea. There have been very few reports of their diseases. Herein, we describe fibrinous...
Leopard cat () is a small wild cat assessed as an endangered wildlife in Korea. There have been very few reports of their diseases. Herein, we describe fibrinous pleuritis caused by infection with excessive pleural effusion, hydropericardium, mild ascites, and liver fibrosis in a leopard cat. is a commensal microflora in domestic cats and often affects the upper respiratory tract inducing chronic and severe respiratory diseases. However, there is no literature regarding the in leopard cats. Therefore, we first report fibrinous pleuritis associated with an infection in a leopard cat.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Streptococcus; Animals, Wild; Pleurisy; Cat Diseases
PubMed: 38031647
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23080 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2019is an animal pathogen which occasionally causes infections in humans. The M-like protein (SCM) encoded by the gene, is its best characterized virulence factor but...
is an animal pathogen which occasionally causes infections in humans. The M-like protein (SCM) encoded by the gene, is its best characterized virulence factor but previous studies suggested it could be absent in a substantial fraction of isolates. We studied the distribution and variability of the gene in 188 isolates recovered from companion animals ( = 152), wild animal species ( = 20), and humans ( = 14). Multilocus sequence typing, including the first characterization of wildlife isolates, showed that the same lineages are present in all animal hosts, raising the possibility of extensive circulation between species. Whole-genome analysis revealed that -like genes found previously in correspond to divergent genes, indicating that what was previously believed to correspond to two genes is in fact the same locus. We designed primers allowing for the first time the successful amplification of the gene in all isolates. Analysis of the sequences identified 12 distinct types, which could be divided into two clusters: group I (76%, = 142) and group II (24%, = 46) sharing little sequence similarity. The predicted group I SCM showed extensive similarity with each other outside of the -terminal hypervariable region and a conserved IgG binding domain. This domain was absent from group II SCM variants found in isolates previously thought to lack the gene, which also showed greater amino acid variability. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the possible host interacting partners of the group II SCM variants and their role in virulence.
PubMed: 30984150
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00631 -
Journal of Veterinary Science Sep 2023Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) on the surface of , coded with gapC, is a glycolytic enzyme that was reported to be a moonlighting protein and virulence...
BACKGROUND
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) on the surface of , coded with gapC, is a glycolytic enzyme that was reported to be a moonlighting protein and virulence factor.
OBJECTIVE
This study assessed GAPDH as a potential immunization candidate protein to prevent streptococcus infections.
METHODS
Mice were vaccinated subcutaneously with recombinant GAPDH and challenged with . They were then evaluated using histological methods. rGAPDH of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was evaluated using immunoblotting, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods.
RESULTS
Vaccination with rGAPDH improved the survival rates and decreased the bacterial burdens in the mammary glands compared to the control group. The mechanism by which rGAPDH vaccination protects against was investigated. experiments showed that rGAPDH boosted the generation of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Treatment of BMDCs with TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor, or C29, a toll-like receptor 2 inhibitor, reduced cytokines substantially, suggesting that rGAPDH may be a potential ligand for both TLR2 and TLR4. Subsequent investigations showed that rGAPDH may activate the phosphorylation of MAPKs and nuclear factor-κB.
CONCLUSIONS
GAPDH is a promising immunization candidate protein for targeting virulence and enhancing immune-mediated protection. Further investigations are warranted to understand the mechanisms underlying the activation of BMDCs by rGAPDH in a TLR2- and TLR4-dependent manner and the regulation of inflammatory cytokines contributing to mastitis pathogenesis.
Topics: Female; Animals; Mice; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Streptococcus; Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases; Cytokines; Immunity, Innate; Immunologic Factors; Vaccines
PubMed: 38031651
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23103 -
ACS Synthetic Biology Oct 2021Genome recoding enables incorporating new functions into the DNA of microorganisms. By reassigning codons to noncanonical amino acids, the generation of new-to-nature...
Genome recoding enables incorporating new functions into the DNA of microorganisms. By reassigning codons to noncanonical amino acids, the generation of new-to-nature proteins offers countless opportunities for bioproduction and biocontainment in industrial chassis. A key bottleneck in genome recoding efforts, however, is the low efficiency of recombineering, which hinders large-scale applications at acceptable speed and cost. To relieve this bottleneck, we developed ReScribe, a highly optimized recombineering tool enhanced by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated counterselection built upon the minimal PAM 5'-NNG-3' of the Cas9 (ScCas9). As a proof of concept, we used ReScribe to generate a minimally recoded strain of the industrial chassis by replacing TAG stop codons (functioning as PAMs) of essential metabolic genes with the synonymous TAA. We showed that ReScribe enables nearly 100% engineering efficiency of multiple loci in , opening promising avenues for genome editing and applications thereof in this bacterium and beyond.
Topics: CRISPR-Cas Systems; DNA, Single-Stranded; Escherichia coli; Gene Editing; Genes, Bacterial; Pseudomonas putida; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 34547891
DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00297 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2018Essential oils (EOs) from and , widely employed in the cosmetic and perfume industry, were analyzed for composition and tested against bacterial and fungal pathogens...
Essential oils (EOs) from and , widely employed in the cosmetic and perfume industry, were analyzed for composition and tested against bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from clinical and environmental specimens. The analyses were carried out against , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , sp. and . Both EOs showed similar percentages of total monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The main constituents were 1,8-cineole and -caryophyllene in . and bornyl acetate and camphor in . . The selected EOs have no relevant antifungal or antibacterial activities if compared to conventional drugs.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Aspergillus; Candida; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microsporum; Monoterpenes; Mucor; Oils, Volatile; Plants, Medicinal; Proteus mirabilis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salvia; Sesquiterpenes; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Trichophyton
PubMed: 29438274
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020396 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Apr 2020The draft genomes of seven isolates from diseased dogs and cats in Japan are reported here. The genome sizes ranged from 1.901 Mbp to 2.203 Mbp, with G+C contents of...
The draft genomes of seven isolates from diseased dogs and cats in Japan are reported here. The genome sizes ranged from 1.901 Mbp to 2.203 Mbp, with G+C contents of 39.5% to 39.8%. The sequence types, antimicrobial resistance genotypes, and M-like protein alleles were all characterized.
PubMed: 32299872
DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00123-20 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jul 2009This paper describes a new DNA chip, based on the use of a ligation detection reaction coupled to a universal array, developed to detect and analyze, directly from milk...
This paper describes a new DNA chip, based on the use of a ligation detection reaction coupled to a universal array, developed to detect and analyze, directly from milk samples, microbial pathogens known to cause bovine, ovine, and caprine mastitis or to be responsible for foodborne intoxication or infection, or both. Probes were designed for the identification of 15 different bacterial groups: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, nonaureus staphylococci, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus equi, Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus parauberis, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycoplasma spp., Salmonella spp., Bacillus spp., Campylobacter spp., and Escherichia coli and related species. These groups were identified based on the 16S rRNA gene. For microarray validation, 22 strains from the American Type Culture Collection or other culture collections and 50 milk samples were tested. The results demonstrated high specificity, with sensitivity as low as 6 fmol. Moreover, the ligation detection reaction-universal array assay allowed for the identification of Mycoplasma spp. in a few hours, avoiding the long incubation times of traditional microbiological identification methods. The universal array described here is a versatile tool able to identify milk pathogens efficiently and rapidly.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Dairying; Goats; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sheep
PubMed: 19528580
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1773