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Microbiology Spectrum Oct 2018Bacteria belonging to the genus are the first inhabitants of the oral cavity, which can be acquired right after birth and thus play an important role in the assembly of... (Review)
Review
Bacteria belonging to the genus are the first inhabitants of the oral cavity, which can be acquired right after birth and thus play an important role in the assembly of the oral microbiota. In this article, we discuss the different oral environments inhabited by streptococci and the species that occupy each niche. Special attention is given to the taxonomy of , because this genus is now divided into eight distinct groups, and oral species are found in six of them. Oral streptococci produce an arsenal of adhesive molecules that allow them to efficiently colonize different tissues in the mouth. Also, they have a remarkable ability to metabolize carbohydrates via fermentation, thereby generating acids as byproducts. Excessive acidification of the oral environment by aciduric species such as is directly associated with the development of dental caries. However, less acid-tolerant species such as and produce large amounts of alkali, displaying an important role in the acid-base physiology of the oral cavity. Another important characteristic of certain oral streptococci is their ability to generate hydrogen peroxide that can inhibit the growth of . Thus, oral streptococci can also be beneficial to the host by producing molecules that are inhibitory to pathogenic species. Lastly, commensal and pathogenic streptococci residing in the oral cavity can eventually gain access to the bloodstream and cause systemic infections such as infective endocarditis.
Topics: Carbohydrate Metabolism; Dental Caries; Endocarditis; Fermentation; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Metagenomics; Microbiota; Mouth; Phylogeny; Streptococcus; Streptococcus gordonii; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus salivarius
PubMed: 30338752
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0042-2018 -
Nature Microbiology Feb 2023Allergic rhinitis (AR)-commonly called hay fever-is a widespread condition that affects the quality of life of millions of people. The pathophysiology of AR remains...
Allergic rhinitis (AR)-commonly called hay fever-is a widespread condition that affects the quality of life of millions of people. The pathophysiology of AR remains incompletely understood. In particular, it is unclear whether members of the colonizing nasal microbiota contribute to AR. Here, using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, we show that the nasal microbiome of patients with AR (n = 55) shows distinct differences compared with that from healthy individuals (n = 105), including decreased heterogeneity and the increased abundance of one species, Streptococcus salivarius. Using ex vivo and in vivo models of AR, we demonstrate that this commensal bacterium contributes to AR development, promoting inflammatory cytokine release and morphological changes in the nasal epithelium that are characteristic of AR. Our data indicate that this is due to the ability of S. salivarius to adhere to the nasal epithelium under AR conditions. Our study indicates the potential of targeted antibacterial approaches for AR therapy.
Topics: Humans; Streptococcus salivarius; Quality of Life; Rhinitis, Allergic; Nasal Mucosa; Microbiota
PubMed: 36635572
DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01301-x -
BMJ Case Reports Feb 2021We describe a case of endogenous endophthalmitis in an elderly man caused by An 88-year-old male patient with diabetes with iron deficiency anaemia and history of...
We describe a case of endogenous endophthalmitis in an elderly man caused by An 88-year-old male patient with diabetes with iron deficiency anaemia and history of transcatheter aortic valve implantation presented with an insidious clinical picture of atraumatic endophthalmitis. No internal or external source could be identified. Diagnostic and therapeutic vitrectomy revealed papillomacular abscess and vitreous fluids grew Despite lack of an identifiable source of infection, a high index of suspicion for atypical presentations is required in patients with multiple comorbidities that could weaken their immune system towards opportunistic infections. Early detection, microbiological evaluation and prompt treatment are critical to avoid disastrous outcomes. While has been implicated in cases of exogenous endophthalmitis, this is the first reported case of endogenous endophthalmitis due to .
Topics: Abscess; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftazidime; Endophthalmitis; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Humans; Male; Streptococcus salivarius; Ultrasonography; Vancomycin; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 33541999
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-239299 -
Journal of Bacteriology Mar 1937
PubMed: 16559993
DOI: 10.1128/jb.33.3.263-274.1937 -
Trends in Microbiology Aug 2019With the specter of resurgence of pathogens due to the propagation of antibiotic-resistance genes, innovative antimicrobial strategies are needed. In this review, we... (Review)
Review
With the specter of resurgence of pathogens due to the propagation of antibiotic-resistance genes, innovative antimicrobial strategies are needed. In this review, we summarize the beneficial aspects of bacteriocins, a set of miscellaneous peptide-based bacterium killers, compared with classical antibiotics, and emphasize their use in cocktails to curb the emergence of new resistance. We highlight that their prey spectrum, their molecular malleability, and their multiple modes of production might lead to specific and personalized treatments to prevent systemic disorders. Complementarily, we discuss how we might exploit prevailing bacterial commensals, such as Streptococcus salivarius, and deliberately mobilize their bacteriocin arsenal 'on site' to cure multiresistant infections or finely reshape the endogenous microbiota for prophylaxis purposes.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bacteriocins; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Microbiota; Symbiosis
PubMed: 30987817
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.03.007 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Apr 2020The aim of the study was to observe the antimicrobial activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola as well as the effect on reducing volatile sulfur...
BACKGROUND
The aim of the study was to observe the antimicrobial activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola as well as the effect on reducing volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
After P. gingivalis and T. denticola were cultured with or without Streptococcus salivarius K12 and M18, VSCs were measured by Oral Chroma. In order to analyze the mechanism for malodor control, the antimicrobial activity of S. salivarius K12 and M18 against P. gingivalis and T. denticola was assessed. SPSS 21.0 was used for data analysis with the Kruskal-Wallis and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests. Mann-Whitney test was applied for post hoc analysis.
RESULTS
P. gingivalis and T. denticola VSC levels were reduced by high concentrations of S. salivarius K12 and M18 during coculture. The concentrations were lower than those of single culture (p < .05). An antimicrobial effect was detected on P. gingivalis, and T. denticola by 50% S. salivarius K12 and M18. The spent culture medium and whole bacteria of S. salivarius K12 and M18 reduced the levels of VSCs below the amount in a single culture of P. gingivalis and T. denticola (p < .05).
CONCLUSION
S. salivarius K12 and M18 decreased the levels of VSCs originating from P. gingivalis and T. denticola.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriocins; Bacteriological Techniques; Coculture Techniques; Culture Media; Halitosis; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Probiotics; Streptococcus salivarius; Sulfur Compounds; Treponema denticola; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 32250565
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.269 -
The ISME Journal Jul 2022Pseudomonas aeruginosa dominates the complex polymicrobial cystic fibrosis (CF) airway and is a leading cause of death in persons with CF. Oral streptococcal...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa dominates the complex polymicrobial cystic fibrosis (CF) airway and is a leading cause of death in persons with CF. Oral streptococcal colonization has been associated with stable CF lung function. However, no studies have demonstrated how Streptococcus salivarius, the most abundant streptococcal species found in individuals with stable CF lung disease, potentially improves lung function or becomes incorporated into the CF airway biofilm. By utilizing a two-species biofilm model to probe interactions between S. salivarius and P. aeruginosa, we discovered that the P. aeruginosa exopolysaccharide Psl promoted S. salivarius biofilm formation. Further, we identified a S. salivarius maltose-binding protein (MalE) that is required for promotion of biofilm formation both in vitro and in a Drosophila melanogaster co-infection model. Finally, we demonstrate that promotion of dual biofilm formation with S. salivarius is common among environmental and clinical P. aeruginosa isolates. Overall, our data supports a model in which S. salivarius uses a sugar-binding protein to interact with P. aeruginosa exopolysaccharide, which may be a strategy by which S. salivarius establishes itself within the CF airway microbial community.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Cystic Fibrosis; Drosophila melanogaster; Microbiota; Polysaccharides; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 35338335
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01221-y -
BMC Oral Health May 2021Periodontal disease represents a major health concern. The administration of beneficial microbes has been increasing in popularity over efforts to manipulate the...
BACKGROUND
Periodontal disease represents a major health concern. The administration of beneficial microbes has been increasing in popularity over efforts to manipulate the microbes using antimicrobial agents. This study determined the ability of Streptococcus salivarius to inhibit IL-6 and IL-8 production by gingival fibroblasts when activated by periodontal pathogens and their effect on the salivary microbiome.
METHODS
Primary human gingival fibroblasts were challenged with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Fusobacterium nucleatum and a combination of all three. IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine release were measured. Using this same model, S. salivarius K12, M18 and different supernatant and whole-cell lysate fractions of S. salivarius K12 were administered to pathogen-induced fibroblasts. A patient study of healthy participants was also conducted to determine the effect S. salivarius K12 had on the native microbiome using 16S next generation sequence analysis.
RESULTS
All pathogens tested induced a significant IL-6 and IL-8 response. S. salivarius K12 or M18, did not exhibit an increase in inflammatory cytokines. When either of the probiotic strains were co-administered with a pathogen, there were significant reductions in both IL-6 and IL-8 release. This effect was also observed when gingival fibroblasts were pre-treated with either S. salivarius K12 or M18 and then stimulated with the oral pathogens. Chewing gum containing S. salivarius K12 did not alter the salivary microbiome and did not increase inflammatory markers in the oral cavity.
CONCLUSION
S. salivarius K12 and M18 prevented immune activation induced by periodontal disease pathogens. S. salivarius K12 did not alter the salivary microbiome or induce immune activation when administered as a chewing gum. These results warrant further study to determine if it may be an effective treatment in a model of periodontal disease.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Streptococcus salivarius
PubMed: 33962608
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01606-z -
JAMA Network Open Nov 2023New approaches for the prevention of acute otitis media (AOM), the most common reason for antibiotic use in children, are needed. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
IMPORTANCE
New approaches for the prevention of acute otitis media (AOM), the most common reason for antibiotic use in children, are needed.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy of the Streptococcus salivarius K12 oral probiotics in the primary prevention of AOM.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted from August 1, 2020, to May 31, 2021, at 50 day care centers in the Oulu region of Finland. A total of 827 children aged 1 to 6 years attending day care were included. The exclusion criteria consisted of ongoing antimicrobial prophylaxis or immunodeficiency. The follow-up time was 6 months and was completed on May 31, 2021. Data were analyzed from October 24, 2022, to September 16, 2023, based on intention to treat.
INTERVENTION
Eligible participants were randomly allocated to receive 1 daily dose of a S salivarius K12 product or placebo every evening for 6 months. A daily dose was defined as 1 sachet of soluble oral powder for children younger than 3 years or 1 chewable tablet for children 3 years or older containing 1 × 109 colony-forming units of S salivarius K12.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcome was the proportion of children with at least 1 episode of AOM requiring antimicrobial therapy within 6 months of randomization. All physician visits and purchases of antimicrobial drugs were retrieved from the electronic national medical record and prescription register. The primary outcome was met if the legal guardian had purchased an antimicrobial prescription for AOM.
RESULTS
A total of 827 children with a mean (SD) age of 4.1 (1.6) years (433 boys [52.4%]) were randomized to S salivarius K12 oral products (n = 413) or placebo (n = 414). Thirty-four children (8.2%) in the S salivarius group and 24 children (5.8%) in the placebo group experienced at least 1 episode of AOM requiring antimicrobial therapy during the 6-month follow-up period (relative risk, 1.42 [95% CI, 0.86-2.34]; proportion difference, -2.44% [95% CI, -5.94% to 1.09%]; P = .17). Time to first AOM episode did not differ between the groups (174 [95% CI, 171-177] days in the S salivarius group vs 176 [95% CI, 173-179] days in the placebo group; P = .18).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, the daily use of the S salivarius K12 products for 6 months did not reduce the occurrence of AOM. New approaches for primary prevention of AOM among children are needed.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrialsRegister.eu Identifier: 2020-001076-14.
Topics: Male; Humans; Child; Streptococcus salivarius; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child Day Care Centers; Otitis Media; Probiotics
PubMed: 37917062
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.40608 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Oral mucositis is the most common oral complication of cancer patients receiving radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, leading to poor quality of life. Limitations of the...
BACKGROUND
Oral mucositis is the most common oral complication of cancer patients receiving radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, leading to poor quality of life. Limitations of the current interventions on radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM) urge the development of novel therapeutics. Here, we evaluated the treatment outcome of probiotic K12 on RIOM mice, and oral microbiota that is associated with the progress of RIOM was further investigated.
METHODS
An experimental RIOM mouse model was established, and K12 was applied to the mouse oral cavity daily. Histological analyses were performed to evaluate the severity of oral mucositis and the treatment outcome of K12. The oral microbiota of mice was further analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, microbial culture and qPCR.
RESULTS
Irradiation induced conspicuous mucositis in the oral cavity of mice. K12 treatment was beneficial for the healing of RIOM, as reflected by reduced ulcer size, increased basal layer epithelial cellularity and mucosal thickness, and elevated epithelial proliferation and attenuated apoptosis. RIOM mice presented significant oral microbial dysbiosis, with an overgrowth of oral anaerobes. K12 treatment reconstituted the oral microbiota and decreased the abundance of oral anaerobes of RIOM mice. In addition, K12 treatment inhibited NI1060 in genus and downregulated the expression of nitrate reductase.
CONCLUSIONS
K12 treatment can alleviate RIOM and reconstituted the dysbiotic oral microbiota in mice. K12 may represent a promising adjuvant treatment to improve the quality of life of cancer patients receiving radiotherapy.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriocins; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Probiotics; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Radiation Injuries; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Stomatitis; Streptococcus salivarius
PubMed: 34149727
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684824