-
Microbes and Infection Nov 2000Dental plaque is a complex biofilm that accumulates on the hard tissues (teeth) in the oral cavity. Although over 500 bacterial species comprise plaque, colonization... (Review)
Review
Dental plaque is a complex biofilm that accumulates on the hard tissues (teeth) in the oral cavity. Although over 500 bacterial species comprise plaque, colonization follows a regimented pattern with adhesion of initial colonizers to the enamel salivary pellicle followed by secondary colonization through interbacterial adhesion. A variety of adhesins and molecular interactions underlie these adhesive interactions and contribute to plaque development and ultimately to diseases such as caries and periodontal disease.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Dental Pellicle; Dental Plaque; Humans; Kinetics; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Streptococcus sanguis
PubMed: 11113379
DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01316-2 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020is an oral species closely associated with dental caries. As an early oral colonizer, utilizes interspecies coaggregation to promote the colonization of subsequent...
is an oral species closely associated with dental caries. As an early oral colonizer, utilizes interspecies coaggregation to promote the colonization of subsequent species and affect polymicrobial pathogenesis. Previous studies have confirmed several adhering partner species of , including and . In this study, we discovered new intergeneric co-adherence between and the saliva isolate (GBS-SI101). Research shows that GBS typically colonizes the human gastrointestinal and vaginal tracts. It is responsible for adverse pregnancy outcomes and life-threatening infections in neonates and immunocompromised people. Our results revealed that GtfB and GtfC of , which contributed to extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, promoted coaggregation of with GBS-SI101. In addition, oral streptococci, including and , barely inhibited the growth of GBS-SI101. This study indicated that could help GBS integrate into the associated oral polymicrobial community and become a resident species in the oral cavity, increasing the risk of oral infections.
Topics: Biofilms; Dental Caries; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Streptococcus agalactiae; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis
PubMed: 32733820
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00344 -
Virulence Dec 2023is a ubiquitous commensal species of the oral cavity commonly involved as an opportunistic pathogen in cardiovascular infections. In this study, we investigated the...
is a ubiquitous commensal species of the oral cavity commonly involved as an opportunistic pathogen in cardiovascular infections. In this study, we investigated the functions of endopeptidase O (PepO) and a C3-degrading protease (CppA) in the systemic virulence of . Isogenic mutants of and obtained in strain SK36 showed increased susceptibility to C3b deposition and to opsonophagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). These mutants differ, however, in their profiles of binding to serum amyloid P component (SAP) and C1q, whereas both showed reduced interaction with C4b-binding protein (C4BP) and/or factor H (FH) regulators as compared to SK36. The two mutants showed defects in persistence in human blood, serum-mediated invasion of HCAEC endothelial cells, and virulence in a infection model. The transcriptional activities of and , assessed by RT-qPCR in nine wild-type strains, further indicated strain-specific profiles of / expression. Moreover, non-conserved amino acid substitutions were detected among the strains, mostly in CppA. Phylogenetic comparisons with homologues of streptococcal species of the oral and oropharyngeal sites suggested that PepO and CppA have independent ancestralities. Thus, this study showed that PepO and CppA are complement evasion proteins expressed by in a strain-specific manner, which are required for multiple functions associated with cardiovascular virulence.
Topics: Humans; Streptococcus sanguis; Virulence; Endothelial Cells; Phylogeny; Complement System Proteins; Bacterial Proteins
PubMed: 37563831
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2239519 -
Future Microbiology Jun 2018Caries and periodontitis are the two most common human dental diseases and are caused by dysbiosis of oral flora. Although commensal microorganisms have been... (Review)
Review
Caries and periodontitis are the two most common human dental diseases and are caused by dysbiosis of oral flora. Although commensal microorganisms have been demonstrated to protect against pathogens and promote oral health, most previous studies have addressed pathogenesis rather than commensalism. Streptococcus sanguinis is a commensal bacterium that is abundant in the oral biofilm and whose presence is correlated with health. Here, we focus on the mechanism of biofilm formation in S. sanguinis and the interaction of S. sanguinis with caries- and periodontitis-associated pathogens. In addition, since S. sanguinis is well known as a cause of infective endocarditis, we discuss the relationship between S. sanguinis biofilm formation and its pathogenicity in endocarditis.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Dental Caries; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Microbiota; Streptococcus sanguis
PubMed: 29882414
DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0043 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2019Dental caries is a highly prevalent disease worldwide. It is caused by the cariogenic biofilms composed of multiple dynamic bacteria on dental surface. Streptococcus...
Dental caries is a highly prevalent disease worldwide. It is caused by the cariogenic biofilms composed of multiple dynamic bacteria on dental surface. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis are resident members within the biofilms and an antagonistic relationship has been shown between these two species. S. mutans, as the major causative microorganism of dental caries, has been reported to be inhibited by free D-cysteine (D-Cys). However, whether D-Cys could affect S. sanguinis and the interspecies relationship between S. mutans and S. sanguinis remains unknown. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of D-Cys on the growth and cariogenicity of dual-species biofilms formed by S. mutans and S. sanguinis. We measured dual-species biofilms biomass, metabolic activity, lactate production. We also detected the biofilms structure, the ratio of live/dead bacteria, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis and bacterial composition in the dual-species biofilms. We found that D-Cys could reduce the metabolic activity and lactic acid production of dual-species biofilms (p < 0.05). In addition, biofilms formation, the proportion of S. mutans in dual-species biofilms, and EPS synthesis were decreased with D-Cys treatment. The results suggested that D-Cys could inhibit the growth and cariogenic virulence of dual-species biofilms formed by S. mutans and S. sanguinis, indicating the potential of D-Cys in clinical application for caries prevention and treatment.
Topics: Biofilms; Cysteine; Lactic Acid; Polysaccharides; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis; Virulence
PubMed: 31040318
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43081-1 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Jul 2021Propolis is a natural composite balsam. In the past decade, propolis has been extensively investigated as an adjuvant for the treatment of periodontitis. This study...
INTRODUCTION
Propolis is a natural composite balsam. In the past decade, propolis has been extensively investigated as an adjuvant for the treatment of periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate antimicrobial activities of propolis solutions and plant essential oils against some oral cariogenic (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis, Lactobacillus acidophilus) and periodontopathic bacteria (Actinomyces odontolyticus, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum).
METHODOLOGY
Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): The antimicrobial activity of propolis and essential oils was investigated by the agar dilution method. Serial dilutions of essential oils were prepared in plates, and the assay plates were estimated to contain 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 µg/mL of active essential oils. Dilutions for propolis were 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.3 µg/mL of active propolis solutions.
RESULTS
Propolis solutions dissolved in benzene, diethyl ether and methyl chloride, demonstrated equal effectiveness against all investigated oral bacteria (MIC=12.5 µg/mL). Propolis solution dissolved in acetone displayed MIC of 6.3 µg/mL only for Lactobacillus acidophilus. At the MIC of 12.5 µg/mL, essential oils of Salvia officinalis and Satureja kitaibelii were effective against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively. For the latter, the MIC value of Salvia officinalis was twice higher.
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate that propolis and plant essential oils appear to be a promising source of antimicrobial agents that may prevent dental caries and other oral infectious diseases.
Topics: Actinomyces; Anti-Infective Agents; Eikenella corrodens; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Humans; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mouth; Oils, Volatile; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Propolis; Prospective Studies; Salvia officinalis; Satureja; Streptococcus mitis; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis
PubMed: 34343129
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.14312 -
The ISME Journal Jul 2023During oral biofilm development, interspecies interactions drive species distribution and biofilm architecture. To understand what molecular mechanisms determine these...
During oral biofilm development, interspecies interactions drive species distribution and biofilm architecture. To understand what molecular mechanisms determine these interactions, we used information gained from recent biogeographical investigations demonstrating an association of corynebacteria with streptococci. We previously reported that Streptococcus sanguinis and Corynebacterium durum have a close relationship through the production of membrane vesicle and fatty acids leading to S. sanguinis chain elongation and overall increased fitness supporting their commensal state. Here we present the molecular mechanisms of this interspecies interaction. Coculture experiments for transcriptomic analysis identified several differentially expressed genes in S. sanguinis. Due to its connection to fatty acid synthesis, we focused on the glycerol-operon. We further explored the differentially expressed type IV pili genes due to their connection to motility and biofilm adhesion. Gene inactivation of the glycerol kinase glpK had a profound impact on the ability of S. sanguinis to metabolize C. durum secreted glycerol and impaired chain elongation important for their interaction. Investigations on the effect of type IV pili revealed a reduction of S. sanguinis twitching motility in the presence of C. durum, which was caused by a decrease in type IV pili abundance on the surface of S. sanguinis as determined by SEM. In conclusion, we identified that the ability to metabolize C. durum produced glycerol is crucial for the interaction of C. durum and S. sanguinis. Reduced twitching motility could lead to a closer interaction of both species, supporting niche development in the oral cavity and potentially shaping symbiotic health-associated biofilm communities.
Topics: Glycerol; Streptococcus; Streptococcus sanguis; Biofilms; Symbiosis; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 37169870
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01426-9 -
Infection and Immunity May 1990Thirteen strains of viridans group streptococci and two strains of other streptococci were tested for coaggregation with Candida albicans. Streptococcus sanguis strains...
Thirteen strains of viridans group streptococci and two strains of other streptococci were tested for coaggregation with Candida albicans. Streptococcus sanguis strains generally exhibited low levels of adherence to 28 degrees C-grown exponential-phase yeast cells, but starvation of yeast cells for glucose at 37 degrees C (or at 28 degrees C) increased their coaggregating activity with these streptococci by at least tenfold. This was a property common to four C. albicans strains tested, two of which were able to form mycelia (6406 and MEN) and two of which were not (MM2002 and CA2). The expression of the coaggregation adhesin during yeast cell starvation was inhibited by addition of trichodermin or amphotericin B. The strains of S. sanguis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus oralis tested for coaggregating activity encompassed a diverse range of physiological and morphological types, yet all exhibited saturable coaggregation with starved C. albicans cells. There was no correlation of cell surface hydrophobicity, of either yeast or streptococcal cells, with their abilities to coaggregate. Strains of Streptococcus anginosus also coaggregated with starved yeast cells; Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pyogenes coaggregated to a lesser degree with C. albicans, and the coaggregation with S. pyogenes was not promoted by yeast cell starvation; Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis did not coaggregate with yeast. The coaggregation reactions of S. sanguis and S. gordonii with C. albicans were inhibited by EDTA and by heat or protease treatment of the yeast cells and were not reversible by the addition of lactose or other simple sugars. These observations extend the range of intergeneric coaggregations that are known to occur between oral microbes and suggest that coaggregations of C. albicans with viridans group streptococci may be important for colonization of oral surfaces by the yeast.
Topics: Amphotericin B; Bacterial Adhesion; Candida albicans; Culture Media; Hot Temperature; Peptide Hydrolases; Solubility; Streptococcus; Streptococcus sanguis; Surface Properties; Temperature; Trichodermin
PubMed: 2182544
DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.5.1429-1436.1990 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Oct 2020Imbalances within the dental biofilm trigger dental caries, currently considered a dysbiosis and the most prevalent noncommunicable disease. There is still a gap in...
Imbalances within the dental biofilm trigger dental caries, currently considered a dysbiosis and the most prevalent noncommunicable disease. There is still a gap in knowledge about the dynamics of enamel colonization by bacteria from the dental biofilm in caries. The aim, therefore, was to test whether the sequence of enamel colonization by a typically commensal and a cariogenic species modifies biofilm's cariogenicity. Dual-species biofilms of and on saliva-coated enamel slabs were inoculated in different sequences: followed by (Sm-Ss), followed by (Ss-Sm), and inoculated at the same time (Sm=Ss), and the single-species controls followed by (Sm-Sm) and followed by (Ss-Ss). Biofilms were exposed to 10% sucrose 3 times per day for 5 days, and the slabs/biofilms were retrieved to assess demineralization, viable cells, biomass, proteins, polysaccharides, and HO production. Compared with Sm-Sm, primary inoculation with reduced demineralization ( < 0.05). Both Ss-Sm and Sm=Ss sequences showed reduction in biomass, protein, and polysaccharide content ( < 0.05). The highest viable count and HO production level and the lowest acidogenicity were observed when colonized enamel before ( < 0.05). Initial enamel adherence with commensal biofilms seems to induce more intense competition against more typically cariogenic species, reducing cariogenicity. The concept of caries as an ecological disease implies the understanding of the intricate relationships among the populating microorganisms. Under frequent sugar exposure, some bacteria from the dental biofilm develop pathogenic traits that lead to imbalances (dysbiosis). Depending on which microorganism colonizes the dental surface first, different competition strategies may be developed. Studying the interactions in the entire dental biofilm is not an easy task. In this study, therefore, we modeled the interplay among these microorganisms using a caries-inducing species () and a health-associated species (). Initial enamel adherence with seems to induce more intense competition against typically caries-inducing species. Besides continuous exposure with sugars, early colonization of the enamel by highly cariogenic species like appears to be needed to develop caries lesions as well. Promoting early colonization by health-associated bacteria such as could help to maintain oral health, delaying dysbiosis.
Topics: Biofilms; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Microbial Interactions; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis
PubMed: 32826216
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01262-20 -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Apr 2023The objective of this study is to develop stoichiometric models of sugar fermentation and cell biosynthesis for model cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and non-cariogenic...
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study is to develop stoichiometric models of sugar fermentation and cell biosynthesis for model cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and non-cariogenic Streptococcus sanguinis to better understand and predict metabolic product formation.
METHODS
Streptococcus mutans (strain UA159) and Streptococcus sanguinis (strain DSS-10) were grown separately in bioreactors fed brain heart infusion broth supplemented with either sucrose or glucose at 37 °C. Cell mass concentration and fermentation products were measured at different hydraulic residence times (HRT) to determine cell growth yield.
RESULTS
Sucrose growth yields were 0.080 ± 0.0078 g cell/g and 0.18 ± 0.031 g cell/g for S. sanguinis and S. mutans, respectively. For glucose, this reversed, with S. sanguinis having a yield of 0.10 ± 0.0080 g cell/g and S. mutans 0.053 ± 0.0064 g cell/g. Stoichiometric equations to predict free acid concentrations were developed for each test case. Results demonstrate that S. sanguinis produces more free acid at a given pH than S. mutans due to lesser cell yield and production of more acetic acid. Greater amounts of free acid were produced at the shortest HRT of 2.5 hr compared to longer HRTs for both microorganisms and substrates.
SIGNIFICANCE
The finding that the non-cariogenic S. sanguinis produces greater amounts of free acids than S. mutans strongly suggests that bacterial physiology and environmental factors affecting substrate/metabolite mass transfer play a much greater role in tooth or enamel/dentin demineralization than acidogenesis. These findings enhance the understanding of fermentation production by oral streptococci and provide useful data for comparing studies under different environmental conditions.
Topics: Humans; Fermentation; Sucrose; Biofilms; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis; Dental Enamel; Tooth Demineralization; Dental Caries
PubMed: 36906504
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.03.001