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The Brazilian Journal of Infectious... 2012Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that grows in various environments, and its shape resembles filamentous fungi. The morphological differentiation of... (Review)
Review
Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that grows in various environments, and its shape resembles filamentous fungi. The morphological differentiation of Streptomyces involves the formation of a layer of hyphae that can differentiate into a chain of spores. The most interesting property of Streptomyces is the ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites, such as antifungals, antivirals, antitumorals, anti-hypertensives, immunosuppressants, and especially antibiotics. The production of most antibiotics is species specific, and these secondary metabolites are important for Streptomyces species in order to compete with other microorganisms that come in contact, even within the same genre. Despite the success of the discovery of antibiotics, and advances in the techniques of their production, infectious diseases still remain the second leading cause of death worldwide, and bacterial infections cause approximately 17 million deaths annually, affecting mainly children and the elderly. Self-medication and overuse of antibiotics is another important factor that contributes to resistance, reducing the lifetime of the antibiotic, thus causing the constant need for research and development of new antibiotics.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Streptomyces
PubMed: 22975171
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.014 -
Current Biology : CB Oct 2018What do you do when your food is too big to chew, or worse, when you don't have a stomach at all? Richards and Talbot explain how osmotrophs get around the problem by...
What do you do when your food is too big to chew, or worse, when you don't have a stomach at all? Richards and Talbot explain how osmotrophs get around the problem by digesting on the outside.
Topics: Eating; Feeding Behavior; Fungi; Microbial Interactions; Oomycetes; Streptomycetaceae
PubMed: 30352181
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.069 -
ELife Jan 2017bacteria employ a newly-discovered cell type, the "explorer" cell, to rapidly colonize new areas in the face of competition.
bacteria employ a newly-discovered cell type, the "explorer" cell, to rapidly colonize new areas in the face of competition.
Topics: Fungi; Streptomyces
PubMed: 28051767
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.23624 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022Bacteria of the genus constitute an authentic biotech gold mine thanks to their ability to produce a myriad of compounds and enzymes of great interest at various... (Review)
Review
Bacteria of the genus constitute an authentic biotech gold mine thanks to their ability to produce a myriad of compounds and enzymes of great interest at various clinical, agricultural, and industrial levels. Understanding the physiology of these organisms and revealing their regulatory mechanisms is essential for their manipulation and application. Two-component systems (TCSs) constitute the predominant signal transduction mechanism in prokaryotes, and can detect a multitude of external and internal stimuli and trigger the appropriate cellular responses for adapting to diverse environmental conditions. These global regulatory systems usually coordinate various biological processes for the maintenance of homeostasis and proper cell function. Here, we review the multiple TCSs described and characterized in , one of the most studied and important model species within this bacterial group. TCSs are involved in all cellular processes; hence, unravelling the complex regulatory network they form is essential for their potential biotechnological application.
Topics: Streptomyces coelicolor; Bacterial Proteins; Streptomyces; Signal Transduction; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
PubMed: 36499414
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315085 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2019The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a major public health issue, which requires global action of an intersectoral nature. Multidrug-resistant... (Review)
Review
The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a major public health issue, which requires global action of an intersectoral nature. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens-especially "ESKAPE" bacteria-can withstand lethal doses of antibiotics with various chemical structures and mechanisms of action. Pharmaceutical companies are increasingly turning away from participating in the development of new antibiotics, due to the regulatory environment and the financial risks. There is an urgent need for innovation in antibiotic research, as classical discovery platforms (e.g., mining soil ) are no longer viable options. In addition to discovery platforms, a concept of an ideal antibiotic should be postulated, to act as a blueprint for future drugs, and to aid researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and relevant stakeholders in selecting lead compounds. Based on 150 references, the aim of this review is to summarize current advances regarding the challenges of antibiotic drug discovery and the specific attributes of an ideal antibacterial drug (a prodrug or generally reactive compound with no specific target, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, adequate penetration through the Gram-negative cell wall, activity in biofilms and in hard-to-treat infections, accumulation in macrophages, availability for oral administration, and for use in sensitive patient groups).
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Drug Design; Drug Discovery; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Streptomycetaceae
PubMed: 30832456
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050892 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Jan 2012Streptomyces coelicolor is the genetically best characterized species of a populous genus belonging to the gram-positive Actinobacteria. Streptomycetes are filamentous... (Review)
Review
Streptomyces coelicolor is the genetically best characterized species of a populous genus belonging to the gram-positive Actinobacteria. Streptomycetes are filamentous soil organisms, well known for the production of a plethora of biologically active secondary metabolic compounds. The Streptomyces developmental life cycle is uniquely complex and involves coordinated multicellular development with both physiological and morphological differentiation of several cell types, culminating in the production of secondary metabolites and dispersal of mature spores. This review presents a current appreciation of the signaling mechanisms used to orchestrate the decision to undergo morphological differentiation, and the regulators and regulatory networks that direct the intriguing development of multigenomic hyphae first to form specialized aerial hyphae and then to convert them into chains of dormant spores. This current view of S. coelicolor development is destined for rapid evolution as data from '-omics' studies shed light on gene regulatory networks, new genetic screens identify hitherto unknown players, and the resolution of our insights into the underlying cell biological processes steadily improve.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Hyphae; Signal Transduction; Spores, Bacterial; Streptomyces coelicolor
PubMed: 22092088
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00317.x -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jan 2022Streptomyces coelicolor is a model organism for the study of , a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that undergoes a complex life cycle and produces a broad repertoire of...
Streptomyces coelicolor is a model organism for the study of , a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that undergoes a complex life cycle and produces a broad repertoire of bioactive metabolites and extracellular enzymes. This study investigated the production and characterization of membrane vesicles (MVs) in liquid cultures of S. coelicolor M145 from a structural and biochemical point of view; this was achieved by combining microscopic, physical and -omics analyses. Two main populations of MVs, with different sizes and cargos, were isolated and purified. S. coelicolor MV cargo was determined to be complex, containing different kinds of proteins and metabolites. In particular, a total of 166 proteins involved in cell metabolism/differentiation, molecular processing/transport, and stress response were identified in MVs, the latter functional class also being important for bacterial morpho-physiological differentiation. A subset of these proteins was protected from degradation following treatment of MVs with proteinase K, indicating their localization inside the vesicles. Moreover, S. coelicolor MVs contained an array of metabolites, such as antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, and components of carbon metabolism. In conclusion, this analysis provides detailed information on S. coelicolor MVs under basal conditions and on their corresponding content, which may be useful in the near future to elucidate vesicle biogenesis and functions. Streptomycetes are widely distributed in nature and characterized by a complex life cycle that involves morphological differentiation. They are very relevant in industry because they produce about half of all clinically used antibiotics, as well as other important pharmaceutical products of natural origin. Streptomyces coelicolor is a model organism for the study of bacterial differentiation and bioactive molecule production. S. coelicolor produces extracellular vesicles that carry many molecules, such as proteins and metabolites, including antibiotics. The elucidation of S. coelicolor extracellular vesicle cargo will help us to understand different aspects of streptomycete physiology, such as cell communication during differentiation and response to environmental stimuli. Moreover, the capability of these vesicles for carrying different kinds of biomolecules opens up new biotechnological possibilities related to drug delivery. Indeed, decoding the molecular mechanisms involved in cargo selection may lead to the customization of extracellular vesicle content.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Proteins; Streptomyces; Streptomyces coelicolor
PubMed: 34669446
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01881-21 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Oct 2022Streptomyces is one of the most relevant genera in biotechnology, and its rich secondary metabolism is responsible for the biosynthesis of a plethora of bioactive... (Review)
Review
Streptomyces is one of the most relevant genera in biotechnology, and its rich secondary metabolism is responsible for the biosynthesis of a plethora of bioactive compounds, including several clinically relevant drugs. The use of Streptomyces species for the manufacture of natural products has been established for more than half a century; however, the tremendous advances observed in recent years in genetic engineering and molecular biology have revolutionised the optimisation of Streptomyces as cell factories and drastically expanded the biotechnological potential of these bacteria. Here, we illustrate the most exciting advances reported in the past few years, with a particular focus on the approaches significantly improving the biotechnological capacity of Streptomyces to produce clinical drugs and other valuable secondary metabolites.
Topics: Biotechnology; Genetic Engineering; Secondary Metabolism; Streptomyces
PubMed: 35908316
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102762 -
Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Mar 2013Streptomycetes are the most abundant source of antibiotics. Typically, each species produces several antibiotics, with the profile being species specific. Streptomyces... (Review)
Review
Streptomycetes are the most abundant source of antibiotics. Typically, each species produces several antibiotics, with the profile being species specific. Streptomyces coelicolor, the model species, produces at least five different antibiotics. We review the regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis in S. coelicolor and other, nonmodel streptomycetes in the light of recent studies. The biosynthesis of each antibiotic is specified by a large gene cluster, usually including regulatory genes (cluster-situated regulators [CSRs]). These are the main point of connection with a plethora of generally conserved regulatory systems that monitor the organism's physiology, developmental state, population density, and environment to determine the onset and level of production of each antibiotic. Some CSRs may also be sensitive to the levels of different kinds of ligands, including products of the pathway itself, products of other antibiotic pathways in the same organism, and specialized regulatory small molecules such as gamma-butyrolactones. These interactions can result in self-reinforcing feed-forward circuitry and complex cross talk between pathways. The physiological signals and regulatory mechanisms may be of practical importance for the activation of the many cryptic secondary metabolic gene cluster pathways revealed by recent sequencing of numerous Streptomyces genomes.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Molecular Sequence Data; Multigene Family; Signal Transduction; Streptomyces; Streptomyces coelicolor
PubMed: 23471619
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00054-12 -
Research in Microbiology 2012High densities of antagonistic Streptomyces are associated with plant disease suppression in many soils. Here we review use of inoculation and organic matter amendments... (Review)
Review
High densities of antagonistic Streptomyces are associated with plant disease suppression in many soils. Here we review use of inoculation and organic matter amendments for enriching antagonistic Streptomyces populations to reduce plant disease and note that effective and consistent disease suppression in response to management has been elusive. We argue that shifting the focus of research from short-term disease suppression to the population ecology and evolutionary biology of antagonistic Streptomyces in soil will enhance prospects for effective management. A framework is presented for considering the impacts of short- and long-term management on competitive and coevolutionary dynamics among Streptomyces populations in relation to disease suppression.
Topics: Antibiosis; Plant Diseases; Plants; Soil Microbiology; Streptomyces
PubMed: 22922402
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2012.07.005