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BioMed Research International 2022Global agriculture is frequently subjected to stresses from increased salt content, drought, heavy metals, and other factors, which limit plant growth and production,... (Review)
Review
Global agriculture is frequently subjected to stresses from increased salt content, drought, heavy metals, and other factors, which limit plant growth and production, deteriorate soil health, and constitute a severe danger to global food security. Development of environmentally acceptable mitigation techniques against stresses and restrictions on the use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural fields is essential. Therefore, eco-friendly practises must be kept to prevent the detrimental impacts of stress on agricultural regions. The advanced metabolic machinery needed to handle this issue is not now existent in plants to deal against the stresses. Research has shown that the key role and mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) to enhance plant nutrient uptake, immobilisation and translocation of heavy metals, and plant growth-promoting attributes may be suitable agents for plant growth under diversed stressed condition. The successful symbiosis and the functional relationship between the plant and AMF may build the protective regulatory mechansm against the key challenge in particular stress. AMF's compatibility with hyperaccumulator plants has also been supported by studies on gene regulation and theoretical arguments. In order to address this account, the present review included reducing the impacts of biotic and abiotic stress through AMF, the mechanisms of AMF to improve the host plant's capacity to endure stress, and the strategies employed by AM fungus to support plant survival in stressful conditions.
Topics: Mycorrhizae; Symbiosis; Agriculture; Plant Development; Plants; Metals, Heavy
PubMed: 36619307
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5275449 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023It is generally considered that stress causes decreased immune function and render fish vulnerable to infection and diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms between...
It is generally considered that stress causes decreased immune function and render fish vulnerable to infection and diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms between stress responses and susceptibility to infections, especially viral diseases, in fish remain unknown. Understanding and monitoring the biological consequences and mechanisms underlying stress responses in fish may contribute to the improvement of animal welfare and production efficiency. In this study, long-term exposure to a variety of stressors, including chasing, overcrowding, restraint stress, and air exposure mimicking chronic stresses, in aquaculture practices was conducted in to investigate the consequences of chronic stress on inflammation and antiviral capability. With the continuation of stimulation, experimental fish gradually became insensitive to the stress of net chasing and feeding with the accompaniment of upregulated gene expressed in the HPI axis and elevated levels of stress hormones. As expected, stress-induced hyperglycaemia with a decrease in the insulin signaling pathway and altered gene expression in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, suggesting the disturbance of glycometabolism. Importantly, a link between intestinal homoeostasis and systemic low-grade inflammation in stressed was observed, implying crosstalk among the brain, intestine, and other organs. Furthermore, the compromised antiviral capability with impaired antiviral innate immunity in stressed fish was confirmed by RNA sequencing and infection with (CyHV-2), promoting the understanding of enhanced susceptibility to viral infection in stressed fish.
Topics: Animals; Herpesviridae Infections; Goldfish; Antiviral Agents; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation
PubMed: 36814911
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105156 -
Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica :... 2021Children with dysarthria due to cerebral palsy (CP) can experience problems manipulating intensity, fundamental frequency, and duration to signal sentence stress in an...
INTRODUCTION
Children with dysarthria due to cerebral palsy (CP) can experience problems manipulating intensity, fundamental frequency, and duration to signal sentence stress in an utterance. Pauses have been identified as a potential additional cue for stress-marking, which could compensate for this deficit.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to determine whether children use pauses to signal stress placement, and whether this differs between typically developing children and those with CP.
METHODS
Six children with CP and 8 typically developing children produced utterances with stresses on target words in 2 different positions. Pauses before and after the stressed target words were analyzed in terms of number, location, and duration.
RESULTS
Both groups inserted pauses into their utterances. However, neither group used pause location or duration in a systematic manner to signal the position of the words stressed.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that pausing was not used strategically by either group to signal sentence stress. Further research is necessary to explore the value of pausing as a cue to stress-marking in general and as a potential compensatory strategy for speakers with dysarthria.
Topics: Cerebral Palsy; Child; Dysarthria; Humans; Speech Intelligibility
PubMed: 32604092
DOI: 10.1159/000508097 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA 2014Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungus that can cause severe disease in humans. C. neoformans encounters a multitude of stresses within the human host to... (Review)
Review
Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental fungus that can cause severe disease in humans. C. neoformans encounters a multitude of stresses within the human host to which it must adapt in order to survive and proliferate. Upon stressful changes in the external milieu, C. neoformans must reprogram its gene expression to properly respond to and combat stress in order to maintain homeostasis. Several studies have investigated the changes that occur in response to these stresses to begin to unravel the mechanisms of adaptation in this organism. Here, we review studies that have explored stress-induced changes in gene expression with a focus on host temperature adaptation. We compare global messenger RNA (mRNA) expression data compiled from several studies and identify patterns that suggest that orchestrated, transient responses occur. We also utilize the available expression data to explore the possibility of a common stress response that may contribute to cellular protection against a variety of stresses in C. neoformans. In addition, we review studies that have revealed the significance of post-transcriptional mechanisms of mRNA regulation in response to stress, and discuss how these processes may contribute to adaptation and virulence.
Topics: Body Temperature; Cryptococcosis; Cryptococcus neoformans; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; RNA, Fungal; RNA, Messenger; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 24497369
DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1219 -
Comparative Medicine Jun 2017The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model for experimental studies of stress has increased rapidly over the years. Although many physiologic and behavioral...
The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model for experimental studies of stress has increased rapidly over the years. Although many physiologic and behavioral characteristics associated with stress have been defined in zebrafish, the effects of stress on hematologic parameters have not been described. The purpose of our study was to induce a rise in endogenous cortisol through various acute and chronic stressors and compare the effects of these stressors on peripheral WBC populations. Acutely stressed fish underwent dorsal or full-body exposure to air for 3 min, repeated every 30 min over the course of 90 min. Chronically stressed fish underwent exposure to stressors twice daily over a period of 5 d. After the last stressful event, fish were euthanized, and whole blood and plasma were obtained. A drop of whole blood was used to create a blood smear, which was subsequently stained with a modified Wright-Giemsa stain and a 50-WBC differential count determined. Plasma cortisol levels were determined by using a commercially available ELISA. Endogenous cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in both stressed groups as compared with control fish. Acutely stressed fish demonstrated significant lymphopenia, monocytosis, and neutrophilia, compared with unstressed, control fish. Chronic stress induced lymphopenia and monocytosis but no significant changes in relative neutrophil populations in zebrafish. The changes in both stressed groups most likely are due to increases in endogenous cortisol concentrations and represent the first description of a stress leukogram in zebrafish.
Topics: Animals; Hydrocortisone; Leukocyte Count; Lymphopenia; Stress, Physiological; Zebrafish
PubMed: 28662755
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2015The organisms of the phytomicrobiome use signal compounds to regulate aspects of each other's behavior. Legumes use signals (flavonoids) to regulate rhizobial nod gene... (Review)
Review
The organisms of the phytomicrobiome use signal compounds to regulate aspects of each other's behavior. Legumes use signals (flavonoids) to regulate rhizobial nod gene expression during establishment of the legume-rhizobia N2-fixation symbiosis. Lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) produced by rhizobia act as return signals to the host plant and are recognized by specific lysine motif receptor like kinases, which triggers a signal cascade leading to nodulation of legume roots. LCOs also enhance plant growth, particularly when plants are stressed. Chitooligosaccharides activate plant immune responses, providing enhanced resistance against diseases. Co-inoculation of rhizobia with other plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can improve nodulation and crop growth. PGPR also alleviate plant stress by secreting signal compounds including phytohormones and antibiotics. Thuricin 17, a small bacteriocin produced by a phytomicrobiome member promotes plant growth. Lumichrome synthesized by soil rhizobacteria function as stress-sensing cues. Inter-organismal signaling can be used to manage/engineer the phytomicrobiome to enhance crop productivity, particularly in the face of stress. Stressful conditions are likely to become more frequent and more severe because of climate change.
PubMed: 26442036
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00722 -
Developmental Psychobiology Mar 2021While experimental stress paradigms of infants (arm restraint; the Still-Face) are powerful tools for infant research, no study has experimentally stressed mothers to... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
While experimental stress paradigms of infants (arm restraint; the Still-Face) are powerful tools for infant research, no study has experimentally stressed mothers to observe its independent effects on infant stress regulation. Extant caretaker/maternal stress studies essentially are correlational and confounded by other conditions (e.g., depression). Here, we present a standard procedure, the Caregiver Acute Stress Paradigm (CASP), for stressing mothers during en face interactions with their infants. We hypothesized that infants of the stressed mothers would be more distressed than infants of non-stressed mothers. A total of 106 four-month-old infants and their mothers were randomly assigned to the experimental stress or non-stress manipulation. Confirming our hypothesis, infants of the stressed mothers were significantly more likely to become distressed and require terminating the procedure. While objective ratings of maternal behavior showed no difference between groups, mother in the stress condition self-rated the episode following the caretaker stress significantly lower than mothers in the non-stress group. The self-ratings in the maternal stress-group were reflected in infant cortisol. The findings indicate that CASP is an effective experimental paradigm for exploring the independent effects of an acute stress on caretakers, including effects of conditions, such as poverty or mental illness.
Topics: Emotions; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Infant; Infant Behavior; Maternal Behavior; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers
PubMed: 32311073
DOI: 10.1002/dev.21974 -
Physiological Reviews Apr 2009Stressful stimuli evoke complex endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses that are extremely variable and specific depending on the type and nature of the... (Review)
Review
Stressful stimuli evoke complex endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses that are extremely variable and specific depending on the type and nature of the stressors. We first provide a short overview of physiology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics of sympatho-adrenomedullary, sympatho-neural, and brain catecholaminergic systems. Important processes of catecholamine biosynthesis, storage, release, secretion, uptake, reuptake, degradation, and transporters in acutely or chronically stressed organisms are described. We emphasize the structural variability of catecholamine systems and the molecular genetics of enzymes involved in biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines and transporters. Characterization of enzyme gene promoters, transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, transcription factors, gene expression and protein translation, as well as different phases of stress-activated transcription and quantitative determination of mRNA levels in stressed organisms are discussed. Data from catecholamine enzyme gene knockout mice are shown. Interaction of catecholaminergic systems with other neurotransmitter and hormonal systems are discussed. We describe the effects of homotypic and heterotypic stressors, adaptation and maladaptation of the organism, and the specificity of stressors (physical, emotional, metabolic, etc.) on activation of catecholaminergic systems at all levels from plasma catecholamines to gene expression of catecholamine enzymes. We also discuss cross-adaptation and the effect of novel heterotypic stressors on organisms adapted to long-term monotypic stressors. The extra-adrenal nonneuronal adrenergic system is described. Stress-related central neuronal regulatory circuits and central organization of responses to various stressors are presented with selected examples of regulatory molecular mechanisms. Data summarized here indicate that catecholaminergic systems are activated in different ways following exposure to distinct stressful stimuli.
Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Brain; Catecholamines; Humans; Signal Transduction; Stress, Physiological; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 19342614
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2006 -
Experimental & Molecular Medicine May 2024Traditionally, mitochondria are considered sites of energy production. However, recent studies have suggested that mitochondria are signaling organelles that are... (Review)
Review
Traditionally, mitochondria are considered sites of energy production. However, recent studies have suggested that mitochondria are signaling organelles that are involved in intracellular interactions with other organelles. Remarkably, stressed mitochondria appear to induce a beneficial response that restores mitochondrial function and cellular homeostasis. These mitochondrial stress-centered signaling pathways have been rapidly elucidated in multiple organisms. In this review, we examine current perspectives on how mitochondria communicate with the rest of the cell, highlighting mitochondria-to-nucleus (mitonuclear) communication under various stresses. Our understanding of mitochondria as signaling organelles may provide new insights into disease susceptibility and lifespan extension.
Topics: Mitochondria; Humans; Animals; Signal Transduction; Stress, Physiological; Cell Nucleus
PubMed: 38689084
DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01211-4 -
PloS One 2022The impact that COVID-19 had on individuals globally has been immense. Our study aims to determine if the various COVID-19 related beliefs (information seeking;...
The impact that COVID-19 had on individuals globally has been immense. Our study aims to determine if the various COVID-19 related beliefs (information seeking; invulnerability; disruption; health importance and response effectiveness) are predictors of perceived stress and if self-efficacy acts as a mediator in reducing perceived COVID-19 related stress. From a large sample of 23,629, data were assessed using validated multi-item measures for seven COVID-19 related beliefs, self-efficacy and perceived stress. After conducting a series of tests and checks via Confirmatory Factor Analyses, linear modelling and mediation analyses with bootstrapping were applied to test direct and mediation hypotheses. It is found that stress perception is most strongly affected by self-efficacy and perceived disruption. Except for information seeking, which positively affected perceived stress, self-efficacy partially mediates all other COVID-19 related beliefs (perceptions of disruption, health importance and response effectiveness) in conjunction with their direct effects. Only perceived invulnerability elicited opposite effects on stress, increasing stress directly but decreasing stress indirectly by increasing self-efficacy. This finding gives reason to believe that individuals may disclose that they are less vulnerable to COVID-19, fostering their self-efficacy, but still accept that stressing factors such as economic and social consequences apply. Overall, reinforcing self-efficacy was carved out as the most important resilience factor against perceiving high levels of stress. On this basis, implications for research and practice are provided.
Topics: COVID-19; Culture; Humans; Information Seeking Behavior; Pandemics; Perception; Regression Analysis; Self Efficacy; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 35089967
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263022