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International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by low bone mass caused by increased bone turnover and impaired bone microarchitecture. In treatment, we use... (Review)
Review
Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by low bone mass caused by increased bone turnover and impaired bone microarchitecture. In treatment, we use antiresorptive or anabolic drugs, which usually have a unidirectional effect, i.e., they inhibit the activity of osteoclasts or stimulate the effect of osteoblasts. Strontium ranelate is an anti-osteoporosis drug with a unique mechanism of action (used primarily in postmenopausal women). Unlike other medicines, it has a multidirectional effect on bone tissue, intensifying osteoblastogenesis while inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. It turns out that this effect is demonstrated by strontium ions, an element showing physical and chemical similarity to calcium, the basic element that builds the mineral fraction of bone. As a result, strontium acts through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) receptor in bone tissue cells. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in interest in the introduction of strontium ions in place of calcium ions in ceramics used as bone replacement materials for the treatment of bone fractures and defects caused by osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to summarize current knowledge about the role of strontium in the treatment of osteoporosis, its effects (in various forms), and the ways in which it is administered.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Calcium; Humans; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Osteoporosis; Strontium
PubMed: 34207344
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126564 -
The International Journal of... 2023For the past 50 years, hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used in bone defect repair because it is the main inorganic component of the mineral phase of a human bone.... (Review)
Review
For the past 50 years, hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used in bone defect repair because it is the main inorganic component of the mineral phase of a human bone. Extensive preclinical and clinical studies have shown that strontium (Sr) can safely and effectively help prevent and treat bone diseases, including osteoporosis. These findings have resulted in the concept of integrating Sr and HA for bone disease management. The doped Sr can improve the physicochemical properties of HA and enhance its angiogenic and bone regeneration ability. Nevertheless, no study has reviewed the design strategy of Sr-doped HA (Sr-HA) to understand its biological roles. Therefore, in this article, we review recent developments in Sr-HA preparation and its effect on osteogenesis and angiogenesis and along with key suggestions for future research and development.
Topics: Humans; Osteogenesis; Angiogenesis; Hydroxyapatites; Durapatite; Strontium
PubMed: 37975329
DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.230091lc -
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research Mar 2021Calcium, magnesium and strontium have all been implicated in both musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health and disease. However, despite these three elements being... (Review)
Review
Calcium, magnesium and strontium have all been implicated in both musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health and disease. However, despite these three elements being closely chemically related, there is marked heterogeneity of their characteristics in relation to cardiovascular outcomes. In this narrative review, we describe the relevant evidential landscape, focusing on clinical trials where possible and incorporating findings from observational and causal analyses, to discern the relative roles of these elements in musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health. We conclude that calcium supplementation (for bone health) is most appropriately used in combination with vitamin D supplementation and targeted to those who are deficient in these nutrients, or in combination with antiosteoporosis medications. Whilst calcium supplementation is associated with gastrointestinal side effects and a small increased risk of renal stones, purported links with cardiovascular outcomes remain unconvincing. In normal physiology, no mechanism for an association has been elucidated and other considerations such as dose response and temporal relationships do not support a causal relationship. There is little evidence to support routine magnesium supplementation for musculoskeletal outcomes; greater dietary intake and serum concentrations appear protective against cardiovascular events. Strontium ranelate, which is now available again as a generic medication, has clear anti-fracture efficacy but is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic disease. Whilst a signal for increased risk of myocardial infarction has been detected in some studies, this is not supported by wider analyses. Strontium ranelate, under its current licence, thus provides a useful therapeutic option for severe osteoporosis in those who do not have cardiovascular risk factors.
Topics: Bone Density Conservation Agents; Calcium; Female; Humans; Magnesium; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Strontium
PubMed: 33565045
DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-01799-x -
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... May 1999
Review
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder; Humans; Strontium
PubMed: 10320513
DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.5.661 -
In Vivo (Athens, Greece) 2022Bioglass is a highly adoptable bone substitute material which can be combined with so-called therapeutic ions. However, knowledge is poor regarding the influence of...
BACKGROUND
Bioglass is a highly adoptable bone substitute material which can be combined with so-called therapeutic ions. However, knowledge is poor regarding the influence of therapeutic ions on immune reactions and associated bone healing. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the influence of strontium- and copper-doped bioglass on the induction of M1 and M2 macrophages, as well as vascularization.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two types of alkali glass were produced based on ICIE16 bioglass via the melt-quench method with the addition of 5 wt% copper or strontium (ICIE16-Cu and ICIE16-Sr). Pure ICIE16 and 45S5 bioglass were used as control materials. The ion release and chemical composition of the bioglass were investigated, and an in vivo experiment was subcutaneously performed on Sprague-Dawley rats.
RESULTS
Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant differences in the surface morphology of the bioglass materials. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the efficiency of the doping process by showing the ion-release kinetics. ICIE16-Cu exhibited a higher ion release than ICIE16-Sr. ICIE16-Cu induced low immune cell migration and triggered not only a low number of M1 and M2 macrophages but also of blood vessels. ICIE16-Sr induced higher numbers of M1 macrophages after 30 days. Both bioglass types induced numbers of M2 macrophages comparable with those found in the control groups.
CONCLUSION
Bioglass doping with copper and strontium did not significantly influence the foreign body response nor vascularization of the implantation bed in vivo. However, all the studied bioglass materials seemed to be biocompatible.
Topics: Animals; Ceramics; Copper; Immunity; Ions; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Strontium
PubMed: 36099113
DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12941 -
ACS Applied Bio Materials Apr 2022Calcium phosphate phases are among the most widely accepted compounds for biomaterial applications, of which the resorbable phases have gained particular attention in...
Calcium phosphate phases are among the most widely accepted compounds for biomaterial applications, of which the resorbable phases have gained particular attention in recent years. Brushite and its anhydrous form monetite are among the most interesting resorbable calcium phosphate phases that can be applied as cements and for fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) implants. Of these two dicalcium phosphate compounds, monetite is more stable and undergoes slower degradation than brushite. The purpose of the current study is to synthesize and dope monetite with the antimicrobial elements silver and zinc and the osteoinductive element strontium and investigate the possible structural variations as well as their biocompatibility and antimicrobial effectiveness. For this, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) were used to thoroughly study the synthesized structures. Moreover, the ASTM E-2149-01 protocol and a cell proliferation assay were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the cytocompatibility of the different phases with the Soas-2 cell line, respectively. The results confirm the successful synthesis and doping procedures, such that zinc was the most incorporated element into the monetite phase and strontium was the least incorporated element. The microbiological studies revealed that silver is a very effective antimicrobial agent at low concentrations but unsuitable at high concentrations because its cytotoxicity would prevail. On the other hand, doping the compounds with zinc led to a reasonable antimicrobial activity without compromising the biocompatibility to obviously high concentrations. The study also highlights that strontium, widely known for its osteoinductivity, bears an antimicrobial effect at high concentrations. The generated doped compounds could be beneficial for prospective studies as bone cements or for scaffold biomaterial applications.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Calcium Phosphates; Prospective Studies; Silver; Strontium; Zinc
PubMed: 35324139
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00047 -
Nutrients Dec 2023Despite strontium ranelate use in osteoporosis management being one of the promising concepts in disease treatment, there is no clear evidence that strontium organic...
Despite strontium ranelate use in osteoporosis management being one of the promising concepts in disease treatment, there is no clear evidence that strontium organic compounds are more effective than inorganic ones. The aim of this study was to compare strontium chlorate and strontium ranelate influence on the mice bone microarchitecture. We investigated whether strontium chlorate (7.532 mmol/L) and strontium ranelate (7.78 mmol/L) solutions fed to healthy SWISS growing mice ( = 42) had an influence on the percent of bone volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), number of trabeculae (Tb.N), and separation between each trabecula (Tb.Sp) in the chosen ROI (region of interest) in the distal metaphysis of the left femurs. The cortical bone surface was examined close to the ROI proximal scan. There was an increase in each examined parameter compared with the control group. There were no statistical differences between strontium ranelate and strontium chlorate parameters. Our study indicates that organic and inorganic strontium compounds similarly affect the bone microarchitecture and strength.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Chlorates; Strontium; Dietary Supplements; Bone Remodeling; Thiophenes
PubMed: 38201922
DOI: 10.3390/nu16010091 -
Caries Research 2013Investigations into the role of strontium (Sr) in caries prevention have attracted great interest in the research community in the past, with their peak in the 1970-80s.... (Review)
Review
Investigations into the role of strontium (Sr) in caries prevention have attracted great interest in the research community in the past, with their peak in the 1970-80s. To this date, no clear indication of the relative importance of Sr in caries prevention has been provided. A vast number of animal caries, epidemiological and mechanistic studies have been conducted. Although there is much discrepancy, the majority of studies suggest that Sr exhibits some cariostatic properties, predominantly in the presence of fluoride. An optimum Sr concentration of 5-10 ppm in drinking water has been proposed as a direct result of several epidemiological caries studies. Despite these results, no direct link can be established between Sr and caries prevention as, to date, no relevant, randomized controlled trials have been reported. The extrapolation of potential cariostatic properties of Sr from epidemiological studies is difficult due to the co-presence of several other trace elements in the water of the study areas, with many of these elements being attributed cariostatic properties in their own right. Furthermore, the role of caries risk factors was not taken into consideration. There is a clear need for further research, especially on the mineral phases in the dental hard tissues, plaque and plaque fluid associated with Sr as these may give rise to a better understanding of this subject matter. Based on the current data, the cariostatic properties of Sr, or at least those proposed by some authors, cannot be supported.
Topics: Animals; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Fluorides; Humans; Strontium; Trace Elements
PubMed: 23051661
DOI: 10.1159/000343008 -
Journal of Biomedical Materials... Dec 2022The substitution of calcium with strontium in bioactive materials has been promising but there has been some concern over the material instability and possible toxicity....
The substitution of calcium with strontium in bioactive materials has been promising but there has been some concern over the material instability and possible toxicity. The aim of this research was the synthesis and characterization of calcium and strontium substituted bioactive materials and assessment of interactions with local tissues and peripheral elemental migration in an animal model. A bioactive glass, hydroxyapatite and hydraulic calcium silicate with 50% or 100% calcium substitution with strontium were developed and the set materials were characterized immediately after setting and after 30 and 180-days in solution. Following subcutaneous implantation, the local (tissue histology, elemental migration) and systemic effects (elemental deposition after organ digestion) were assessed. The strontium-replaced silicate cements resulted in the synthesis of partially substituted phases and strontium leaching at all-time points. The strontium silicate implanted in the animal model could not be retrieved in over half of the specimens showing the high rate of material digestion. Tissue histology showed that all materials caused inflammation after 30 days of implantation however this subsided and angiogenesis occurred after 180 days. Strontium was not detected in the local tissues or the peripheral organs while all calcium containing materials caused calcium deposition in the kidneys. The tricalcium silicate caused elemental migration of calcium and silicon in the local tissues shown by the elemental mapping but no deposition of calcium was identified in the peripheral organs verified by the assessment of the digested tissues. Strontium can substitute calcium in bioactive materials without adverse local or systemic effects.
Topics: Calcium; Calcium Compounds; Durapatite; Materials Testing; Silicates; Silicon; Strontium
PubMed: 35770805
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37421 -
Food Chemistry Jan 2022Strontium chloride added to aqueous suspensions of metastable calcium citrate tetrahydrate increased calcium ion activity measured electrochemically without transition...
Strontium chloride added to aqueous suspensions of metastable calcium citrate tetrahydrate increased calcium ion activity measured electrochemically without transition of metastable tetrahydrate to stable calcium citrate hexahydrate as shown by DSC. Calcium activity increase was explained by lower solubility of strontium citrate pentahydrate formed (8.9 × 10 M at 25 °C) increasing with temperature compared to calcium citrate tetrahydrate (1.6 × 10 M) decreasing with temperature. Strontium binding to citrate was found endothermic, ΔH = 45 kJ∙mol at 25 °C, while calcium binding shows variation from ΔH = 94 kJ∙mol at 10 °C becoming exothermic above physiological temperature with ΔH = -9 kJ∙mol at 45 °C as determined from temperature and concentration variation in electric conductivity. These differences in solution thermodynamics and pH effect on complex formation between calcium and strontium citrate are discussed in relation to biomineralization.
Topics: Calcium; Calcium Citrate; Solubility; Strontium; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 34343801
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130674