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Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao... 2014To review information regarding the association of physical activity (PA) with quality of life (QoL) in the elderly and to identify the study designs and measurement... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review information regarding the association of physical activity (PA) with quality of life (QoL) in the elderly and to identify the study designs and measurement instruments most commonly used in its assessment, in the period 2000-2012.
METHODS
Relevant articles were identified by a search of four electronic databases and cross-reference lists and by contact with the authors of the included manuscripts. Original studies on the association between PA and QoL in individuals aged 60 years or older were examined. The quality of studies as well as the direction and the consistency of the association between PA and QoL were evaluated.
RESULTS
A total of 10,019 articles were identified as potentially relevant, but only 42 (0.42%) met the inclusion criteria and were retrieved and examined. Most studies demonstrated a positive association between PA and QoL in the elderly. PA had a consistent association with the following QoL domains: functional capacity; general QoL; autonomy; past, present and future activities; death and dying; intimacy; mental health; vitality; and psychological.
CONCLUSION
PA was positively and consistently associated with some QoL domains among older individuals, supporting the notion that promoting PA in the elderly may have an impact beyond physical health. However, the associations between PA and other QoL domains were moderate to inconsistent and require further investigation.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Activity; Quality of Life; Social Environment; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors
PubMed: 24554274
DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2012-0895 -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Sep 2013The benefits of regular physical activity have been known since ancient Greek. But in the last Century the scientific knowledge around this topic has progressed... (Review)
Review
The benefits of regular physical activity have been known since ancient Greek. But in the last Century the scientific knowledge around this topic has progressed enormously, starting with the early studies of JN Morris and RS Paffenberger, who demonstrated that physical activity at work reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality. In the Harvard alumni study, the lowest risk was associated with a weekly output of 1000 to 2000 kcal performing vigorous activities. Further studies in all age groups have supported these findings and have added that even moderate levels of physical activity provide considerable benefits to health, including lower prevalence of overweight and obesity at all ages. Metabolic fat oxidation rate is highest at exercise intensities between 45 and 65% of VO2max. This means that people must be active regularly and force physiological mechanisms at certain intensities. All this body of evidence has contributed to current WHO physical activity recommendations of 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in adults and elderly, and 60 min/day of MVPA in children and adolescents, with additional strength training, apart from adopting an active lifestyle. In the last 50 years, occupational physical activity has been reduced for about 120 kcal/day, and sedentarism has emerged as an additional risk factor to physical inactivity. Even if less than 60 min of TV time in adults have been related to lower average BMI, there is still a need for research to determine the appropriate dose of exercise in combination with sedentary behaviours and other activities in the context of our modern lifestyle in order to prevent obesity at all ages. As public health measures have failed to stop the obesity epidemic in the last 3 decades, there is clearly a need to change the paradigm. The inclusion of sport scientists, physical education teachers and other professionals in the multidisciplinary team which should be responsible for drawing the road map to prevent the increase of the obesity epidemic effectively is a "must" from our point of view.
Topics: Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Health Status; Humans; Life Style; Motor Activity; Obesity; Sedentary Behavior; Sports
PubMed: 24010748
DOI: 10.3305/nh.2013.28.sup5.6923 -
The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal... Aug 2019Animals and humans continuously engage in small, spontaneous motor actions, such as blinking, whisking, and postural adjustments ("fidgeting"). These movements are... (Review)
Review
Animals and humans continuously engage in small, spontaneous motor actions, such as blinking, whisking, and postural adjustments ("fidgeting"). These movements are accompanied by changes in neural activity in sensory and motor regions of the brain. The frequency of these motions varies in time, is affected by sensory stimuli, arousal levels, and pathology. These fidgeting behaviors can be entrained by sensory stimuli. Fidgeting behaviors will cause distributed, bilateral functional activation in the 0.01 to 0.1 Hz frequency range that will show up in functional magnetic resonance imaging and wide-field calcium neuroimaging studies, and will contribute to the observed functional connectivity among brain regions. However, despite the large potential of these behaviors to drive brain-wide activity, these fidget-like behaviors are rarely monitored. We argue that studies of spontaneous and evoked brain dynamics in awake animals and humans should closely monitor these fidgeting behaviors. Differences in these fidgeting behaviors due to arousal or pathology will "contaminate" ongoing neural activity, and lead to apparent differences in functional connectivity. Monitoring and accounting for the brain-wide activations by these behaviors is essential during experiments to differentiate fidget-driven activity from internally driven neural dynamics.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Blinking; Brain; Deglutition; Humans; Motor Activity; Respiration; Sensorimotor Cortex; Tongue; Vibrissae
PubMed: 30311838
DOI: 10.1177/1073858418805427 -
Preventive Medicine Jun 2011This review provides a historical overview of physical activity interventions designed by American educators and an evaluation of research that has assessed the effects... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
This review provides a historical overview of physical activity interventions designed by American educators and an evaluation of research that has assessed the effects of exercise on children's mental function.
METHOD
Historical descriptions of the emergence of American physical education doctrine throughout the 20th century were evaluated. Prior reviews of studies that assessed the effects of single acute bouts of exercise and the effects of chronic exercise training on children's mental function were examined and the results of recent studies were summarized.
RESULTS
Physical activity interventions designed for American children have reflected two competing views: activities should promote physical fitness and activities should promote social, emotional, and intellectual development. Research results indicate that exercise fosters the emergence of children's mental function; particularly executive functioning. The route by which physical activity impacts mental functioning is complex and is likely moderated by several variables, including physical fitness level, health status, and numerous psycho-social factors.
CONCLUSION
Physical activity interventions for children should be designed to meet multiple objectives; e.g., optimize physical fitness, promote health-related behaviors that offset obesity, and facilitate mental development.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Exercise; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Motor Activity; Physical Fitness
PubMed: 21420981
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.028 -
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2019In recent years, the subject literature has provided concrete recommendations concerning health with regard to specific parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
In recent years, the subject literature has provided concrete recommendations concerning health with regard to specific parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to indicate appropriate physical activity standards for proper development at various stages of human ontogenesis.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the work was knowledge of the level of physical activity of high school youth in the Visegrad countries, including gender indications, to demonstrate whether the WHO recommendations are fulfilled.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The research was conducted in students from four Visegrad countries: the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. As the research method, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire − IPAQ in the extended version was used.
RESULTS
Boys seem to do much better and have largely fulfilled the WHO recommendation for high-intensity efforts performed 3 times for 20 minutes, and medium and high efforts − 7 times for 60 minutes, which is particularly crucial for the effectiveness of the level of physical activity.
CONCLUSIONS
It is indispensable to continue monitoring the physical activity of young people using modern research techniques. It seems intentional to intensify promotion and educational activities, which should be aimed at motivating young people to undertake physical activity in accordance with world-wide recommendations.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Exercise; Female; Humans; Hungary; Male; Motor Activity; Poland; Sedentary Behavior; Sex Factors; Slovakia; Students
PubMed: 31215780
DOI: 10.32394/rpzh.2019.0065 -
American Journal of Preventive Medicine Sep 2012The transition to retirement has been recognized as a turning point in determining physical activity and may present a critical "window" for promoting physical activity.... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
The transition to retirement has been recognized as a turning point in determining physical activity and may present a critical "window" for promoting physical activity. This systematic review examined changes in physical activity across the retirement transition, whether these changes vary by SES, and what is known about predictors of these changes.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
Peer-reviewed articles and gray research literature, published between January 1980 and July 2010 in any country or language, were identified. Longitudinal and cross-sectional observational studies were included. Study selection, quality assessment, data extraction, and synthesis were performed between July 2010 and March 2011. A harvest plot approach to visualizing the findings was combined with a narrative synthesis.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Of the 19 included studies, 11 examined changes in exercise, or leisure-time physical activity, or both; seven, changes in total physical activity; and one study, both. Most studies used single-item measures of physical activity (n=9) or custom questionnaires (n=6). Results suggested that exercise and leisure-time physical activity increased after the retirement transition, whereas findings regarding total physical activity were inconsistent. SES moderated the association, with low SES being associated with a decrease and high SES with an increase in physical activity. Evidence on predictors of change was scarce and methodologically weak.
CONCLUSIONS
Evidence suggests that exercise and leisure-time physical activity increases after the retirement transition, but whether and how total physical activity changes is unclear. Imprecise physical activity measures used in primary studies limit conclusions, and this highlights the need for further research.
Topics: Aged; Exercise; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Leisure Activities; Male; Motor Activity; Retirement; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 22898127
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.05.026 -
International Journal of Behavioral... Aug 2017Affective response during physical activity may influence motivation to perform future physical activity behavior. However, affective response during physical activity...
PURPOSE
Affective response during physical activity may influence motivation to perform future physical activity behavior. However, affective response during physical activity is often assessed under controlled laboratory conditions. The current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to capture affective responses during free-living physical activity performed by adults, and determined whether these affective responses predict future moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels after 6 and 12 months.
METHOD
At baseline, electronic EMA surveys were randomly prompted across 4 days asking about current activities and affective states (e.g., happy, stressed, energetic, tired). Affective response during physical activity was operationalized as the level of positive or negative affect reported when concurrent physical activity (e.g., exercise or sports) was also reported. Data were available for 82 adults. Future levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were measured using accelerometers, worn for seven consecutive days at 6 and 12 months after the baseline assessment.
RESULTS
Feeling more energetic during physical activity was associated with performing more minutes of daily MVPA after both 6 and 12 months. Feeling less negative affect during physical activity was associated with engaging in more daily MVPA minutes after 12 months only.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated how EMA can be used to capture affective responses during free-living physical activity. Results found that feelings more energetic and less negative during physical activity were associated with more future physical activity, suggesting that positive emotional benefits may reinforce behavior.
Topics: Adult; Ecological Momentary Assessment; Emotions; Exercise; Fatigue; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Motivation; Motor Activity; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 28008556
DOI: 10.1007/s12529-016-9626-z -
Medicine and Science in Sports and... Oct 2015Previous longitudinal research suggests that motor proficiency in early life predicts physical activity in adulthood. Familial effects including genetic and...
INTRODUCTION
Previous longitudinal research suggests that motor proficiency in early life predicts physical activity in adulthood. Familial effects including genetic and environmental factors could explain the association, but no long-term follow-up studies have taken into account potential confounding by genetic and social family background. The present twin study investigated whether childhood motor skill development is associated with leisure-time physical activity levels in adulthood independent of family background.
METHODS
Altogether, 1550 twin pairs from the FinnTwin12 study and 1752 twin pairs from the FinnTwin16 study were included in the analysis. Childhood motor development was assessed by the parents' report of whether one of the co-twins had been ahead of the other in different indicators of motor skill development in childhood. Leisure-time physical activity (MET·h·d) was self-reported by the twins in young adulthood and adulthood. Statistical analyses included conditional and ordinary linear regression models within twin pairs.
RESULTS
Using all activity-discordant twin pairs, the within-pair difference in a sum score of motor development in childhood predicted the within-pair difference in the leisure-time physical activity level in young adulthood (P < 0.001). Within specific motor development indicators, learning to stand unaided earlier in infancy predicted higher leisure-time MET values in young adulthood statistically significantly in both samples (FinnTwin12, P = 0.02; and FinnTwin16, P = 0.001) and also in the pooled data set of the FinnTwin12 and FinnTwin16 studies (P < 0.001). Having been more agile than the co-twin as a child predicted higher leisure-time MET values up to adulthood (P = 0.03).
CONCLUSIONS
More advanced childhood motor development is associated with higher leisure-time MET values in young adulthood at least partly independent of family background in both men and women.
Topics: Adult; Child; Child Development; Female; Humans; Leisure Activities; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Motor Activity; Motor Skills; Twins, Dizygotic; Twins, Monozygotic
PubMed: 26378945
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000650 -
European Spine Journal : Official... Jun 2011The objective of the study is to systematically evaluate the available evidence on the association between physical activity (i.e. occupational load and non-occupational... (Review)
Review
The objective of the study is to systematically evaluate the available evidence on the association between physical activity (i.e. occupational load and non-occupational physical activities) and low back pain (LBP). A systematic approach was used to explore the literature between 1999 and 2009. Studies were selected for inclusion following a comprehensive search of Medline, Embase and CINAHL. The methodological quality of each study was assessed. Studies were considered to be of 'high quality' if they met the cut-off criterion of 60% of the maximum available quality score. Thirty-six cohort or case-control studies were retrieved. Heavy workload and the accumulation of loads or frequency of lifts were moderate to strong risk factors for LBP. Strong associations were found for flexed, rotated and the awkward positions of the lumbar spine. Inconsistent results were found for leisure time physical activities, sports and physical exercise. Studies focusing on daily habitual physical activities (e.g. domestic activities and commuting) in association with LBP are lacking. In conclusion, the occurrence of LBP is related to the nature and intensity of the physical activities undertaken. However, physical activities can be subdivided into separate types and intensities and the ultimate physical load is the sum of all these activities. This makes it difficult to designate one particular activity as the cause of LBP.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Exercise; Humans; Low Back Pain; Motor Activity; Occupational Diseases; Risk; Weight-Bearing
PubMed: 21221663
DOI: 10.1007/s00586-010-1680-7 -
Physiological Reviews Jan 2012Physical activity and exercise are key components of energy expenditure and therefore of energy balance. Changes in energy balance alter fat mass. It is therefore... (Review)
Review
Physical activity and exercise are key components of energy expenditure and therefore of energy balance. Changes in energy balance alter fat mass. It is therefore reasonable to ask: What are the links between physical activity and adipose tissue function? There are many complexities. Physical activity is a multifaceted behavior of which exercise is just one component. Physical activity influences adipose tissue both acutely and in the longer term. A single bout of exercise stimulates adipose tissue blood flow and fat mobilization, resulting in delivery of fatty acids to skeletal muscles at a rate well-matched to metabolic requirements, except perhaps in vigorous intensity exercise. The stimuli include adrenergic and other circulating factors. There is a period following an exercise bout when fatty acids are directed away from adipose tissue to other tissues such as skeletal muscle, reducing dietary fat storage in adipose. With chronic exercise (training), there are changes in adipose tissue physiology, particularly an enhanced fat mobilization during acute exercise. It is difficult, however, to distinguish chronic "structural" changes from those associated with the last exercise bout. In addition, it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of training per se and negative energy balance. Epidemiological observations support the idea that physically active people have relatively low fat mass, and intervention studies tend to show that exercise training reduces fat mass. A much-discussed effect of exercise versus calorie restriction in preferentially reducing visceral fat is not borne out by meta-analyses. We conclude that, in addition to the regulation of fat mass, physical activity may contribute to metabolic health through beneficial dynamic changes within adipose tissue in response to each activity bout.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Humans; Motor Activity; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 22298655
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2011