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The American Journal of Clinical... Jul 2020Glycemic load (GL) reflects the quantity and quality of carbohydrates in the diet; dietary fiber and added sugar are components of GL. Few epidemiologic studies have...
BACKGROUND
Glycemic load (GL) reflects the quantity and quality of carbohydrates in the diet; dietary fiber and added sugar are components of GL. Few epidemiologic studies have assessed the association between these dietary factors and fecundability.
OBJECTIVE
We prospectively evaluated the associations of GL, total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and added sugar with fecundability.
METHODS
Snart Foraeldre (SF) and Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO) are parallel web-based prospective preconception cohorts of couples attempting to conceive in Denmark and North America. At baseline, female participants completed a web-based questionnaire on demographic and lifestyle factors and a validated FFQ. We calculated GL, total carbohydrate intake, total dietary fiber, carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio, and added sugar based on reported frequencies for individual foods, standard recipes for mixed foods, and average serving sizes. The analysis included 2709 SF participants and 4268 PRESTO participants. We used proportional probabilities regression models to estimate fecundability ratios (FR) and 95% CIs.
RESULTS
Compared with an average daily GL of ≤100, FRs for an average daily GL of ≥141 were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.08) in SF and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.98) in PRESTO participants. Compared with consuming ≤16 g/d of dietary fiber, FRs for consuming ≥25 g/d were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.22) in SF and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.20) in PRESTO. Compared with a carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio of ≤8, FRs for a ratio of ≥13 were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.01) in SF and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.98) in PRESTO. Compared with ≤27 g/d of added sugar, FRs for ≥72 g/d were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.68, 1.10) in SF and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.99) in PRESTO participants.
CONCLUSIONS
Among women attempting to conceive in Denmark and North America, diets high in GL, carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio, and added sugar were associated with modestly reduced fecundability.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Denmark; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Female; Fertility; Glycemic Index; Glycemic Load; Humans; North America; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Sugars; Young Adult
PubMed: 31901163
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz312 -
Circulation Journal : Official Journal... Jul 2017
Topics: Dietary Fats; Food Preferences; Humans; Sugars
PubMed: 28679973
DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-17-0661 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Nov 2023Biological mechanisms to promote dietary balance remain unclear. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been suggested to contribute to such potential regulation... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Biological mechanisms to promote dietary balance remain unclear. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been suggested to contribute to such potential regulation considering that FGF21 ) is genetically associated with carbohydrate/sugar and protein intake in opposite directions, ) is secreted after sugar ingestion and protein restriction, and ) pharmacologically reduces sugar and increases protein intake in rodents. To gain insight of the nature of this potential regulation, we aimed to study macronutrient interactions in the secretory regulation of FGF21 in healthy humans. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, crossover meal study (NCT05061485), wherein healthy volunteers consumed a sucrose drink, a sucrose + protein drink, and a sucrose + fat drink (matched sucrose content), and compared postprandial FGF21 responses between the three macronutrient combinations. Protein suppressed the sucrose-induced FGF21 secretion [incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for sucrose 484 ± 127 vs. sucrose + protein -35 ± 49 pg/mL × h, < 0.001]. The same could not be demonstrated for fat (iAUC 319 ± 102 pg/mL × h, = 203 for sucrose + fat vs. sucrose). We found no indications that regulators of glycemic homeostasis could explain this effect. This indicates that FGF21 responds to disproportionate intake of sucrose relative to protein acutely within a meal, and that protein outweighs sucrose in FGF21 regulation. Together with previous findings, our results suggests that FGF21 might act to promote macronutrient balance and sufficient protein intake. Here we test the interactions between sugar, protein, and fat in human FGF21 regulation and demonstrate that protein, but not fat, suppresses sugar-induced FGF21 secretion. This indicates that protein outweighs the effects of sugar in the secretory regulation of FGF21, and could suggest that the nutrient-specific appetite-regulatory actions of FGF21 might prioritize ensuring sufficient protein intake over limiting sugar intake.
Topics: Humans; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Diet; Sucrose; Sugars; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 37729024
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00241.2023 -
Biomolecules Jan 2022The SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) family was identified as a new class of sugar transporters that function as bidirectional... (Review)
Review
The SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) family was identified as a new class of sugar transporters that function as bidirectional uniporters/facilitators and facilitate the diffusion of sugars across cell membranes along a concentration gradient. SWEETs are found widely in plants and play central roles in many biochemical processes, including the phloem loading of sugar for long-distance transport, pollen nutrition, nectar secretion, seed filling, fruit development, plant-pathogen interactions and responses to abiotic stress. This review focuses on advances of the plant SWEETs, including details about their discovery, characteristics of protein structure, evolution and physiological functions. In addition, we discuss the applications of SWEET in plant breeding. This review provides more in-depth and comprehensive information to help elucidate the molecular basis of the function of SWEETs in plants.
Topics: Biochemical Phenomena; Biological Transport; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Breeding; Plant Proteins; Plants; Sugars
PubMed: 35204707
DOI: 10.3390/biom12020205 -
International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2022The adverse effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on health and ecosystems, as well as on meteorology and climate change, are well known to the scientific... (Review)
Review
The adverse effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on health and ecosystems, as well as on meteorology and climate change, are well known to the scientific community. It is therefore undeniable that a good understanding of the sources of PM is crucial for effective control of emissions and to protect public health. One of the major contributions to atmospheric PM is biomass burning, a practice used both in agriculture and home heating, which can be traced and identified by analyzing sugars emitted from the combustion of cellulose and hemicellulose that make up biomass. In this review comparing almost 200 selected articles, we highlight the most recent studies that broaden such category of tracers, covering research publications on residential wood combustions, open-fire or combustion chamber burnings and ambient PM in different regions of Asia, America and Europe. The purpose of the present work is to collect data in the literature that indicate a direct correspondence between biomass burning and saccharides emitted into the atmosphere with regard to distinguishing common sugars attributed to biomass burning from those that have co-causes of issue. In this paper, we provide a list of 24 compounds, including those most commonly recognized as biomass burning tracers (i.e., levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan), from which it emerges that monosaccharide anhydrides, sugar alcohols and primary sugars have been widely reported as organic tracers for biomass combustion, although it has also been shown that emissions of these compounds depend not only on combustion characteristics and equipment but also on fuel type, combustion quality and weather conditions. Although it appears that it is currently not possible to define a single compound as a universal indicator of biomass combustion, this review provides a valuable tool for the collection of information in the literature and identifies analytes that can lead to the determination of patterns for the distribution between PM generated by biomass combustion.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Biomass; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Particulate Matter; Sugars
PubMed: 35410070
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074387 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Apr 2022Nucleotide sugar (NS) dehydratases play a central role in the biosynthesis of deoxy and amino sugars, which are involved in a variety of biological functions in all... (Review)
Review
Nucleotide sugar (NS) dehydratases play a central role in the biosynthesis of deoxy and amino sugars, which are involved in a variety of biological functions in all domains of life. Bacteria are true masters of deoxy sugar biosynthesis as they can produce a wide range of highly specialized monosaccharides. Indeed, deoxy and amino sugars play important roles in the virulence of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic species and are additionally involved in the biosynthesis of diverse macrolide antibiotics. The biosynthesis of deoxy sugars relies on the activity of NS dehydratases, which can be subdivided into three groups based on their structure and reaction mechanism. The best-characterized NS dehydratases are the 4,6-dehydratases that, together with the 5,6-dehydratases, belong to the NS-short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. The other two groups are the less abundant 2,3-dehydratases that belong to the Nudix hydrolase superfamily and 3-dehydratases, which are related to aspartame aminotransferases. 4,6-Dehydratases catalyze the first step in all deoxy sugar biosynthesis pathways, converting nucleoside diphosphate hexoses to nucleoside diphosphate-4-keto-6-deoxy hexoses, which in turn are further deoxygenated by the 2,3- and 3-dehydratases to form dideoxy and trideoxy sugars. In this review, we give an overview of the NS dehydratases focusing on the comparison of their structure and reaction mechanisms, thereby highlighting common features, and investigating differences between closely related members of the same superfamilies.
Topics: Hydro-Lyases; Nucleosides; Nucleotides; Substrate Specificity; Sugars
PubMed: 35271853
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101809 -
Journal of the Indian Society of... 2022Dental caries begins with the initiation of demineralization which is a reversible process. Diet, especially intake of sugar, is an important aetiological factor for...
BACKGROUND
Dental caries begins with the initiation of demineralization which is a reversible process. Diet, especially intake of sugar, is an important aetiological factor for demineralization of enamel which eventually leads to caries.
AIM
This study aims to understand the quantitative relationship between sugar consumption and mineralization by finding out the change in mineralization of teeth as a result of the change in the sugar score.
SETTINGS AND DESIGN
This interventional study was done among 119 teeth of 19 subjects who were between the ages of 13-15 years in Hubli city.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sugar score was calculated from a 5-day diet history of the subjects and a DIAGNOdent pen was used to indicate the mineralization value of the teeth before the intervention. Diet counseling was given as an intervention after which sugar score and DIAGNOdent scores were measured again after 14 days and compared with the baseline values.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Descriptive statistics and a linear regression analysis was done to determine the relationship between the variables.
RESULTS
Sugar score and DIAGNOdent score after 14 days were found to have reduced significantly by 41.6% and 20.3% respectively from the baseline values. The Linear Regression indicated that a reduction of sugar score by 5 resulted in a decrease of DIAGNOdent score by 0.16.
CONCLUSION
The findings of the present study suggest that the modification of sugar consumption brought about a significant improvement in the mineralization of the demineralized teeth thus making diet counseling an effective preventive strategy for caries prevention.
Topics: Adolescent; Dental Caries; Dietary Sugars; Fluorescence; Humans; Pilot Projects; Sugars; Tooth
PubMed: 35439880
DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_181_21 -
Plant Biotechnology Journal Oct 2023Sugar deficiency is the persistent challenge for plants during development. Trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) is recognized as a key regulator in balancing plant sugar...
Sugar deficiency is the persistent challenge for plants during development. Trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) is recognized as a key regulator in balancing plant sugar homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanisms by which sugar starvation limits plant development are unclear. Here, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (OsbHLH111) was named starvation-associated growth inhibitor 1 (OsSGI1) and the focus is on the sugar shortage of rice. The transcript and protein levels of OsSGI1 were markedly increased during sugar starvation. The knockout mutants sgi1-1/2/3 exhibited increased grain size and promoted seed germination and vegetative growth, which were opposite to those of overexpression lines. The direct binding of OsSGI1 to sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 1a (OsSnRK1a) was enhanced during sugar shortage. Subsequently, OsSnRK1a-dependent phosphorylation of OsSGI1 enhanced the direct binding to the E-box of trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase 7 (OsTPP7) promoter, thus rose the transcription inhibition on OsTPP7, then elevated trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) content but decreased sucrose content. Meanwhile, OsSnRK1a degraded phosphorylated-OsSGI1 by proteasome pathway to prevent the cumulative toxicity of OsSGI1. Overall, we established the OsSGI1-OsTPP7-Tre6P loop with OsSnRK1a as center and OsSGI1 as forward, which is activated by sugar starvation to regulate sugar homeostasis and thus inhibits rice growth.
Topics: Sugars; Oryza; Trehalose; Plants; Sucrose; Phosphates; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 37384619
DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14110 -
Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official... Nov 2019Sugars naturally occur in tobacco leaf but are also commonly added to cigarettes by tobacco companies. Added sugar increases levels of toxic chemicals in cigarette...
INTRODUCTION
Sugars naturally occur in tobacco leaf but are also commonly added to cigarettes by tobacco companies. Added sugar increases levels of toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke. Little is known about smokers' knowledge of added sugar in cigarettes and awareness of its effects.
METHODS
Adult cigarette smokers were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk to participate in an online experiment on electronic cigarette advertising. After completing the experiment, participants (N = 4351) answered two items assessing knowledge and awareness of added sugar in cigarettes. Participants had the option of providing open-ended comments about the overall study, and two reviewers read and independently coded comments pertaining to the sugar items.
RESULTS
Only 5.5% of participants responded "yes" to the question: "Is sugar added to cigarettes?", and only 3.8% of participants indicated being aware that added sugar increases toxins in cigarette smoke. Forty-eight participants mentioned the sugar items when asked to comment about the overall questionnaire. Fifty-two percent of these comments expressed an interest in obtaining more information about added sugar, and 23% described the sugar items as interesting or informative. Three participants commented that learning about added sugar motivated them to quit or cut down on smoking.
CONCLUSIONS
Among a large sample of smokers, few reported knowledge of added sugar in cigarettes and awareness of its effects. Further, several smokers expressed an interest in learning more about added sugar. Messages about added sugar in cigarettes may be a promising new angle for campaigns to discourage smoking.
IMPLICATIONS
Few American smokers are aware that sugar is added to cigarettes, and some participants expressed a desire to learn more about this additive. Given such low awareness, the interest among smokers, and increased popular concerns about added sugar in foods and beverages, messaging about added sugar in cigarettes should be developed and tested for inclusion in public health media campaigns.
Topics: Adult; Crowdsourcing; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Smokers; Sugars; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tobacco Products
PubMed: 30329106
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty217 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... May 2022Pea sprouts are considered a healthy food. Sucrose is a key nutritional factor affecting taste and flavor. Meanwhile, selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that...
BACKGROUND
Pea sprouts are considered a healthy food. Sucrose is a key nutritional factor affecting taste and flavor. Meanwhile, selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that plays multiple roles in wide variety of physiological processes and improves crop quality and nutritional value. Nonetheless, the effects of the combination of sucrose and Se treatment on growth, quality, and sugar metabolism of pea sprouts have not been explored.
RESULTS
The results revealed that sucrose at 10 mg L obviously increased fresh weight, vitamin C, soluble protein, soluble sugar, fructose, glucose, and sucrose contents. Se treatments also improved nutritional quality, but higher Se (2.5 mg L ) significantly inhibited the growth of seedlings. Interestingly, the combined application of sucrose (10 mg L ) and Se (1.25 mg L ) could effectively promote vitamin C, sucrose, and fructose contents, especially the Se content, compared with Se application alone. Additionally, there were significant differences in the regulation of sugar metabolism between Se alone and combined application of sucrose and Se. Acid invertase and neutral invertase play a pivotal role in the accumulation of soluble sugar under Se treatments alone, and acid invertase might be the key enzyme to limit sugar accumulation under combined application of sucrose and Se.
CONCLUSION
The moderate combined application of sucrose (10 mg L ) and Se (1.25 mg L ) more effectively regulated sugar metabolism and improved nutritional quality than Se application alone did. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carbohydrates; Fructose; Pisum sativum; Selenium; Sucrose; Sugars; beta-Fructofuranosidase
PubMed: 34741307
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11626