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International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly and economical method for removing organic contaminants from water. The purpose of the present study was to use for the...
Phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly and economical method for removing organic contaminants from water. The purpose of the present study was to use for the phytoremediation of water from sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TRI) residues. The experiment was conducted for 14 days, in which the loss of the pharmaceuticals in water and their concentration in plant tissues was monitored. Determination of SMX and TRI was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The results revealed that various factors affected the removal of the contaminants from water, and their bioaccumulation coefficients were obtained. Additionally, the transformation products of SMX and TRI were identified. The observed decrease in SMX and TRI content after 14 days was 96.0% and 75.4% in water, respectively. SMX removal mainly involved photolysis and hydrolysis processes, whereas TRI was mostly absorbed by the plant. Bioaccumulation coefficients of the freeze-dried plant were in the range of 0.043-0.147 for SMX and 2.369-2.588 for TRI. Nine and six transformation products related to SMX and TRI, respectively, were identified in water and plant tissues. The detected transformation products stemmed from metabolic transformations and photolysis of the parent compounds.
Topics: Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim; Hydrocharitaceae; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36554877
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416994 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2019The presence of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment is a reality that calls for more efficient water treatment technologies. Photocatalysis is a powerful... (Review)
Review
The presence of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment is a reality that calls for more efficient water treatment technologies. Photocatalysis is a powerful technology available but the high energy costs associated with the use of UV irradiation hinder its large scale implementation. More sustainable and cheaper photocatalytic processes can be achieved by improving the sunlight harvesting and the synthesis of semiconductor/carbon composites has proved to be a promising strategy. Carbamazepine, diclofenac, and sulfamethoxazole were selected as target pharmaceuticals due to their recalcitrant behavior during conventional wastewater treatment and persistence in the environment, as properly reviewed. The literature data on the photocatalytic removal of carbamazepine, diclofenac, and sulfamethoxazole by semiconductor/carbon materials was critically revised to highlight the role of the carbon in the enhanced semiconductor performance under solar irradiation. Generally it was demonstrated that carbon materials induce red-shift absorption and they contribute to more effective charge separation, thus improving the composite photoactivity. Carbon was added as a dopant (C-doping) or as support or doping materials (i.e nanoporous carbons, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and derived materials, carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and biochars) and in the large majority of the cases, TiO was the semiconductor tested. The specific role of carbon materials is dependent on their properties but even the more amorphous forms, like nanoporous carbons or biochars, allow to prepare composites with improved properties compared to the bare semiconductor. The self-photocatalytic activity of the carbon materials was also reported and should be further explored. The removal and mineralization rates, as well as degradation pathways and toxicity of the treated solutions were also critically analyzed.
Topics: Carbamazepine; Catalysis; Diclofenac; Graphite; Photochemical Processes; Semiconductors; Sulfamethoxazole; Sunlight; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 31618947
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203702 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Aug 2016The folate cycle is one of the key metabolic pathways used by bacteria to synthesize vital building blocks required for proliferation. Therapeutic agents targeting... (Review)
Review
The folate cycle is one of the key metabolic pathways used by bacteria to synthesize vital building blocks required for proliferation. Therapeutic agents targeting enzymes in this cycle, such as trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, are among some of the most important and continually used antibacterials to treat both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. As with all antibacterial agents, the emergence of resistance threatens the continued clinical use of these life-saving drugs. In this article, we describe and analyze resistance mechanisms that have been clinically observed and review newer generations of preclinical compounds designed to overcome the molecular basis of the resistance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Folic Acid Antagonists; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim Resistance
PubMed: 27352799
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028324 -
Giornale Italiano Di Nefrologia :... 2015Drug-induced crystalluria is a cause of acute renal failure that has not to be overlooked. Especially sulfonamides are known to be little solubles in acidic urine. Among...
Drug-induced crystalluria is a cause of acute renal failure that has not to be overlooked. Especially sulfonamides are known to be little solubles in acidic urine. Among these drugs, sulfadiazine produces the so-called shocks of wheat crystals, whose formation can be avoided by opportune hydration and alkalinization of the patient. Sulfamethoxazole is another drug of this class that has seldom been reported to cause a pleomorphic crystalluria. We report the case of two patients treated with sulfamethoxazole who developed a crystalluria that is very similar to the sulfadiazine one. Sulfamethoxazole is widely used in clinical practice in association with trimethoprim and it is known to cause acute renal failure, although little is known about the pathogenesis of this nephrotoxicity. Our cases, along with the cases previously reported, may suggest that sulphamethoxazole can act as a nephrotoxic agent through crystals production. Notably, in our cases, discontinuation of the drug led to disappearance of the crystals.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Crystallization; Female; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Middle Aged; Sulfamethoxazole
PubMed: 26093134
DOI: No ID Found -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Mar 2023With the soar use range of pesticides and antibiotics in agricultural production, the pollution of surrounding runoff has become more severe; thus, the health and safety...
With the soar use range of pesticides and antibiotics in agricultural production, the pollution of surrounding runoff has become more severe; thus, the health and safety of non-target species such as fish are at risk. Excessive amounts of cypermethrin (CMN, 0.651 mg/l) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ, 0.3 mg/l) are known to trigger oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, resulting in toxic effects on cells. The damage degree of poisons on grass carp and the effect of the corresponding axis pathway PERK/eif2α/CHOP are still unknown. Therefore, our study set up two single poison groups (CMN/SMZ) and a combined poison group (CMN&SMZ) to detect this pathway and related indicators. After detection, the content of MDA both in CMN and SMZ group myocardium tissue was increased, while the SOD, CAT activity and GSH levels were decreased. Apoptosis-related genes (Bax, PUMA, P53 and Caspase-3/9), inflammation-related genes (TNF-α, iNOS and IL-1β/6/8), ER stress pathway PERK/eif2α/CHOP and related genes (ATF6, IRE1a and GRP78) were all increased; in contrast, the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 was down-regulated. From the overall trend observation, the apoptosis proportion of cardiomyocytes in the combined poison group was higher than that of the single poison. In summary, this study shows that CMZ and SMZ can induce oxidative stress and subsequent ER stress in grass carp cardiomyocytes by regulating the PERK/eif2α/CHOP signaling axle, thereby inducing apoptosis, and followed by inflammatory responses. The combined effect of the CMZ and SMZ mixture was severer than that of a single poison (CMZ or SMZ), so it can be inferred that the damage degree of grass carp myocardium tissue would be aggravated with the appearance of CMZ or/and SMZ. The experimental results of this study have suggestions and warnings for the toxicological research of CMZ and SMZ and the management of industrial and ecological balance.
Topics: Animals; Myocytes, Cardiac; Sulfamethoxazole; Carps; Apoptosis; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Poisons
PubMed: 36753969
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114594 -
BMC Urology Sep 2021Drug-induced urolithiasis falls into two categories: drug-induced and metabolically-induced. Certain antimicrobials are associated with each; sulfonamides are associated...
BACKGROUND
Drug-induced urolithiasis falls into two categories: drug-induced and metabolically-induced. Certain antimicrobials are associated with each; sulfonamides are associated with drug- or metabolite-containing calculi when taken in large doses over a long period of time. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, a member of the sulfonamide family, is a rare cause of drug-induced calculi. Cases of sulfonamide urolithiasis occurring in patients with known stone disease have rarely been reported.
CASE PRESENTATION
We report a case of a patient with a brief history of recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis requiring 2 ureteroscopic procedures whose existing 6 mm lower pole renal stone more than quadrupled in size to form a 4 cm renal staghorn after 4 months of high-dose treatment for Nocardia pneumonia with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. After ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy and basketing of fragments, the stone was found to be predominantly composed of N-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole, a metabolite of sulfamethoxazole.
CONCLUSION
Stones composed of sulfamethoxazole or its metabolites are rare but have known associated risk factors that should be considered when prescribing this antibiotic. This case report illustrates additional risk factors for consideration, including pre-existing urinary calculi that may serve as a nidus for sulfamethoxazole deposition, and reviews treatment and prevention methods.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Female; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Middle Aged; Sulfamethoxazole
PubMed: 34535099
DOI: 10.1186/s12894-021-00894-5 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Feb 1983
Topics: Animals; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Pentamidine; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Rats; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 6402123
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.286.6364.499 -
American Journal of Kidney Diseases :... Sep 2011
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Anti-Infective Agents; Crystallization; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Leg Injuries; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Urine
PubMed: 21856494
DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.06.014 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Mar 1970
Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Melioidosis; Penicillins; Sternum; Sulfamethoxazole
PubMed: 5445578
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal May 1968
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Synergism; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Pyrimidines; Sulfamethoxazole; Sulfisoxazole
PubMed: 5648994
DOI: No ID Found