-
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2019Sweat glands play an important role in skin physiology and are an integral part of the natural skin barrier. In order to maintain functionality throughout life, sweat... (Review)
Review
Sweat glands play an important role in skin physiology and are an integral part of the natural skin barrier. In order to maintain functionality throughout life, sweat glands make use of several types of stem cells. This chapter focuses on the classification of different types of stem cells found in the sweat gland and their physiological roles. First, sweat gland formation during skin maturation is addressed in order to give an overview of sweat gland origin and formation in vivo. Then, different kinds of adult sweat gland stem cells are introduced and classified between different potency levels and corresponding physiological roles. Finally, the importance of these cell sources for future developments, including applications in wound healing and cosmetics research, is discussed.
Topics: Humans; Skin; Stem Cells; Sweat Glands; Wound Healing
PubMed: 31487018
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24108-7_3 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Feb 2014The human body is covered with several million sweat glands. These tiny coiled tubular skin appendages produce the sweat that is our primary source of cooling and... (Review)
Review
The human body is covered with several million sweat glands. These tiny coiled tubular skin appendages produce the sweat that is our primary source of cooling and hydration of the skin. Numerous studies have been published on their morphology and physiology. Until recently, however, little was known about how glandular skin maintains homeostasis and repairs itself after tissue injury. Here, we provide a brief overview of sweat gland biology, including newly identified reservoirs of stem cells in glandular skin and their activation in response to different types of injuries. Finally, we discuss how the genetics and biology of glandular skin has advanced our knowledge of human disorders associated with altered sweat gland activity.
Topics: Apocrine Glands; Eccrine Glands; Homeostasis; Humans; Regeneration; Signal Transduction; Skin; Stem Cells; Sweat Gland Diseases; Wound Healing
PubMed: 24492848
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015222 -
Cytotherapy May 2015Stem cells are the seeds of tissue repair and regeneration and a promising source for novel therapies. The skin of patients with an extensive deep burn injury is... (Review)
Review
Stem cells are the seeds of tissue repair and regeneration and a promising source for novel therapies. The skin of patients with an extensive deep burn injury is repaired by a hypertrophic scar without regeneration of sweat glands and therefore loses the function of perspiration. Stem cell therapy provides the possibility of sweat gland regeneration. In particular, recent studies have reported the reprogramming of mesenchymal stromal cells into sweat gland-like (SGL) cells. We present an overview of recent researches into sweat gland regeneration with stem cells. Difficulties of sweat gland regeneration after deep burns have been elaborated. The advantage and disadvantage of several stem cell types in sweat gland regeneration have been discussed. Additionally, the possible mechanisms for reprogramming stem cells to SGL cells are summarized. A brief discussion on clinical application of stem cell-derived SGL cells is also presented. This review may possibly provide some implications for sweat gland regeneration.
Topics: Burns; Cellular Reprogramming; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Regeneration; Stem Cell Transplantation; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 25533933
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.10.016 -
The Journal of Dermatology Mar 2017This article reviews several topics regarding sweat gland and sebaceous neoplasms. First, the clinicopathological characteristics of poroid neoplasms are summarized. It... (Review)
Review
This article reviews several topics regarding sweat gland and sebaceous neoplasms. First, the clinicopathological characteristics of poroid neoplasms are summarized. It was recently reported that one-fourth of poroid neoplasms are composite tumors and one-fourth are apocrine type lesions. Recent progress in the immunohistochemical diagnosis of sweat gland neoplasms is also reviewed. CD117 can help to distinguish sweat gland or sebaceous tumors from other non-Merkel cell epithelial tumors of the skin. For immunohistochemical differential diagnosis between sweat gland carcinoma (SGC) other than primary cutanesous apocrine carcinoma and skin metastasis of breast carcinoma (SMBC), a panel of antibodies may be useful, including p63 (SGC , SMBC ), CK5/6 (SGC , SMBC ), podoplanin (SGC , SMBC ) and mammaglobin (SGC , SMBC ). Comparison of antibodies used for immunohistochemical diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma (SC) suggests that adipophilin has the highest sensitivity and specificity. Some authors have found that immunostaining for survivin, androgen receptor and ZEB2/SIP1 has prognostic value for ocular SC, but not extraocular SC. In situ SC is rare, especially extraocular SC, but there have been several recent reports that actinic keratosis and Bowen's disease are the source of invasive SC. Finally, based on recent reports, classification of sebaceous neoplasms into three categories is proposed, which are sebaceoma (a benign neoplasm with well-defined architecture and no atypia), borderline sebaceous neoplasm (low-grade SC; an intermediate tumor with well-defined architecture and nuclear atypia) and SC (a malignant tumor with invasive growth and evident nuclear atypia).
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Sebaceous Gland Neoplasms; Skin Neoplasms; Sweat Gland Neoplasms; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 28256768
DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13555 -
Burns : Journal of the International... May 2016Sweat glands play important roles in homeostasis maintenance and body temperature regulation. In patients with deep burns, the injury can reach the muscle tissues and... (Review)
Review
Sweat glands play important roles in homeostasis maintenance and body temperature regulation. In patients with deep burns, the injury can reach the muscle tissues and damage sweat glands. However, the plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may offer the possibility to regenerate sweat glands after severe burn. In particular, recent studies have changed the possibility to reality. Here, we analyze the barriers of sweat gland regeneration in situ after deep burns, propose the possibilities of MSCs in regeneration of sweat glands, summarize the recent researches into sweat gland regeneration with MSCs, and sum up the possible mechanisms during this process. In addition, the advantage and disadvantage of sweat gland regeneration with MSCs from different tissues have been discussed. So this review will provide meaningful guidance in the clinic for sweat gland regeneration with MSCs.
Topics: Bone Marrow Cells; Burns; Cell Transdifferentiation; Fetal Blood; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Regeneration; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 26068210
DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.04.005 -
Experimental Dermatology May 2018For several decades now, researchers, professional bodies, governments, and journals such as the journal of Experimental Dermatology have worked to reduce the number of... (Review)
Review
For several decades now, researchers, professional bodies, governments, and journals such as the journal of Experimental Dermatology have worked to reduce the number of animals used in experimentation. This review centres on investigations into how human sweat glands produce sweat and how that research has evolved over the years. It is hoped that this review will show that as methodologies advanced, sweat gland research has come to rely less and less on a variety of animal models as investigative tools and information is being primarily obtained through human and mouse material, with a view to further reductions in using animal models.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Signaling; Cell Line; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Models, Biological; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 29626846
DOI: 10.1111/exd.13556 -
Cell Death & Disease Mar 2019Sweat glands perform a vital thermoregulatory function in mammals. Like other skin components, they originate from epidermal progenitors. However, they have low...
Sweat glands perform a vital thermoregulatory function in mammals. Like other skin components, they originate from epidermal progenitors. However, they have low regenerative potential in response to injury. We have established a sweat gland culture and expansion method using 3D organoids cultures. The epithelial cells derived from sweat glands in dermis of adult mouse paw pads were embedded into Matrigel and formed sweat gland organoids (SGOs). These organoids maintained remarkable stem cell features and demonstrated differentiation capacity to give rise to either sweat gland cells (SGCs) or epidermal cells. Moreover, the bipotent SGO-derived cells could be induced into stratified epidermis structures at the air-liquid interface culture in a medium tailored for skin epidermal cells in vitro. The SGCs embedded in Matrigel tailored for sweat glands formed epithelial organoids, which expressed sweat-gland-specific markers, such as cytokeratin (CK) 18 and CK19, aquaporin (AQP) 5 and αATP. More importantly, they had potential of regeneration of epidermis and sweat gland when they were transplanted into the mouse back wound and claw pad with sweat gland injury, respectively. In summary, we established and optimized culture conditions for effective generation of mouse SGOs. These cells are candidates to restore impaired sweat gland tissue as well as to improve cutaneous skin regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Aquaporin 5; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Collagen; Drug Combinations; Epidermal Cells; Epidermis; Epithelial Cells; Keratin-18; Laminin; Mice; Organoids; Proteoglycans; Regeneration; Skin Transplantation; Stem Cells; Sweat Glands; Tissue Engineering; Wound Healing
PubMed: 30858357
DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1485-5 -
Zhonghua Shao Shang Yu Chuang Mian Xiu... Mar 2022Sweat gland is one of the important appendage organs of the skin, which plays an important role in thermoregulation and homeostasis maintenance. Sweat glands are damaged... (Review)
Review
Sweat gland is one of the important appendage organs of the skin, which plays an important role in thermoregulation and homeostasis maintenance. Sweat glands are damaged and unable to self-repair after burns, resulting in perspiration disorders eventually. However, current clinical strategies cannot restore the function of the damaged sweat glands effectively. Therefore, it is urgent to seek treatments that can promote the regeneration of sweat glands and restore their normal functions. Stem cells have extensive sources, low immunogenicity, high proliferation capacity, and multi-directional differentiation potential, which have become a focus in the field of regenerative medicine. In recent years, a variety of stem cells have been induced to differentiate into sweat gland-like tissue with certain secretory function, which provides treatment direction for sweat gland regeneration after burns in clinic. This article reviews the recent research advances on the application of stem cells in sweat gland regeneration from the perspectives of the manner by which stem cells transform into sweat gland cells in different environments and their influencing factors.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Regeneration; Skin; Stem Cells; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 35325977
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20210123-00033 -
Current Problems in Dermatology 2002
Review
Topics: Axilla; Dermatologic Surgical Procedures; Dissection; Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 12471699
DOI: 10.1159/000060679 -
Journal of Neuropathology and... May 2019Skin biopsies have gained increasing popularity as a tool to evaluate disorders affecting small nerve fibers. While reports on sweat gland nerve fiber density (SGNFD) to...
Skin biopsies have gained increasing popularity as a tool to evaluate disorders affecting small nerve fibers. While reports on sweat gland nerve fiber density (SGNFD) to quantitate sudomotor innervation have been promising, methodologies vary significantly. Although conventional stereology is commonly used, no standard technique has been established. We sought to develop an accurate and reproducible technique to quantify SGNFD. Skin punch biopsies from healthy individuals were cut and stained. Images of sweat glands (SGs) were acquired using confocal and widefield microscopes, and optimized using deconvolution. Nerve fibers were reconstructed and nerve fiber length (NFL) was quantified using three-dimensional (3D) automated software. SGNFD was obtained by dividing NFL by SG volume. SGNFD was also assessed using stereology for comparison. Ninety-two SGs from 10 healthy subjects were analyzed by independent observers. Using confocal microscopy, the software reliably traced nerve fibers. In contrast, rendering of nerve fibers was inferior using widefield microscopy. Interobserver reliability was suboptimal using widefield images compared to confocal (ICC = 0.82 vs ICC = 0.98). Correlation between 3D-reconstruction and stereology was poor (ICC = 0.38). The newly developed technique of SGNFD quantitation using 3D reconstruction of SG innervation with confocal microscopy reliably traces nerve fibers, shows outstanding reproducibility, is almost completely unbiased, and superior to conventional stereology methods.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Fibers; Sweat Glands; Young Adult
PubMed: 30861073
DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz015