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A systematic approach to searching: an efficient and complete method to develop literature searches.Journal of the Medical Library... Oct 2018Creating search strategies for systematic reviews, finding the best balance between sensitivity and specificity, and translating search strategies between databases is...
Creating search strategies for systematic reviews, finding the best balance between sensitivity and specificity, and translating search strategies between databases is challenging. Several methods describe standards for systematic search strategies, but a consistent approach for creating an exhaustive search strategy has not yet been fully described in enough detail to be fully replicable. The authors have established a method that describes step by step the process of developing a systematic search strategy as needed in the systematic review. This method describes how single-line search strategies can be prepared in a text document by typing search syntax (such as field codes, parentheses, and Boolean operators) before copying and pasting search terms (keywords and free-text synonyms) that are found in the thesaurus. To help ensure term completeness, we developed a novel optimization technique that is mainly based on comparing the results retrieved by thesaurus terms with those retrieved by the free-text search words to identify potentially relevant candidate search terms. Macros in Microsoft Word have been developed to convert syntaxes between databases and interfaces almost automatically. This method helps information specialists in developing librarian-mediated searches for systematic reviews as well as medical and health care practitioners who are searching for evidence to answer clinical questions. The described method can be used to create complex and comprehensive search strategies for different databases and interfaces, such as those that are needed when searching for relevant references for systematic reviews, and will assist both information specialists and practitioners when they are searching the biomedical literature.
Topics: Abstracting and Indexing; Databases, Factual; Humans; Information Storage and Retrieval; Medical Subject Headings; Review Literature as Topic; Vocabulary, Controlled
PubMed: 30271302
DOI: 10.5195/jmla.2018.283 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... Mar 2015Syntax is the cognitive capacity of human beings that allows us to connect linguistic meaning with linguistic form. The study of syntax is a huge field that has... (Review)
Review
Syntax is the cognitive capacity of human beings that allows us to connect linguistic meaning with linguistic form. The study of syntax is a huge field that has generated a great deal of empirical and theoretical work over the decades. This article outlines why understanding our syntactic capacity is important to cognitive science in general and why the data of syntactic research is to be taken seriously. It then provides an overview of a number of broad findings about the character of the syntax of human language, including evidence for abstract constituent structure, core properties of constituents, the importance of functional categories, the link between syntactic structure and meaning, and the range of types of syntactic dependencies, including dependencies of form, dependencies of position, and dependencies that create new meanings. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:131-147. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1332 This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain Linguistics > Linguistic Theory Psychology > Language.
PubMed: 25815105
DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1332 -
The Journal of Thoracic and... Nov 2016The Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) trial cause of death analysis shows that cardiac death due to myocardial...
The Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) trial cause of death analysis shows that cardiac death due to myocardial infarction is 10 times higher with percutaneous coronary intervention than coronary artery bypass grafting in the higher-risk patients. There was a clear advantage for surgery in the prevention of death in both the intermediate and high SYNTAX score groups with 3-vessel disease and in the high SYNTAX score group with left main disease, and that incremental advantage is statistically significant and widening with time, which should be transparently communicated to patients.
Topics: Aged; Cause of Death; Coronary Artery Bypass; Coronary Artery Disease; Drug-Eluting Stents; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27283748
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.04.083 -
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2022Among the many lines of research that have been exploring how embodiment contributes to cognition, one focuses on how the neural substrates of language may be shared, or... (Review)
Review
Among the many lines of research that have been exploring how embodiment contributes to cognition, one focuses on how the neural substrates of language may be shared, or at least closely coupled, with those of action. This paper revisits a particular proposal that has received considerable attention-namely, that the forms of hierarchical sequencing that characterize both linguistic syntax and goal-directed action are underpinned partly by common mechanisms in left Brodmann area (BA) 44, a cortical region that is not only classically regarded as part of Broca's area, but is also a core component of the human Mirror Neuron System. First, a recent multi-participant, multi-round debate about this proposal is summarized together with some other relevant findings. This review reveals that while the proposal is supported by a variety of theoretical arguments and empirical results, it still faces several challenges. Next, a narrower application of the proposal is discussed, specifically involving the basic word order of subject (S), object (O), and verb (V) in simple transitive clauses. Most languages are either SOV or SVO, and, building on prior work, it is argued that these strong syntactic tendencies derive from how left BA44 represents the sequential-hierarchical structure of goal-directed actions. Finally, with the aim of clarifying what it might mean for syntax and action to have "common" neural mechanisms in left BA44, two different versions of the main proposal are distinguished. Hypothesis 1 states that the very same neural mechanisms in left BA44 subserve some aspects of hierarchical sequencing for syntax and action, whereas Hypothesis 2 states that anatomically distinct but functionally parallel neural mechanisms in left BA44 subserve some aspects of hierarchical sequencing for syntax and action. Although these two hypotheses make different predictions, at this point neither one has significantly more explanatory power than the other, and further research is needed to elaborate and test them.
PubMed: 36211129
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.923022 -
Cognitive Science Mar 2017Formal theories of mental representation have receded from the importance they had in the early days of cognitive science. I argue that such theories are crucial in any...
Formal theories of mental representation have receded from the importance they had in the early days of cognitive science. I argue that such theories are crucial in any mental domain, not just for their own sake, but to guide experimental inquiry, as well as to integrate the domain into the mind as a whole. To illustrate the criteria of adequacy for theories of mental representation, I compare two theoretical approaches to language: classical generative grammar (Chomsky, 1965, 1981, 1995) and the parallel architecture (Jackendoff, 1997, 2002). The grounds for comparison include (a) the internal coherence of the theory across phonology, syntax, and semantics; (b) the relation of language to other mental faculties; (c) the relationship between grammar and lexicon; (d) relevance to theories of language processing; and (e) the possibility of languages with little or no syntax.
Topics: Brain; Humans; Imagination; Language; Learning; Linguistics; Psychological Theory
PubMed: 26611772
DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12324 -
Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Aug 2021It is important to evaluate the complex coronary artery disease in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease.The SYNTAX score based on invasive coronary...
It is important to evaluate the complex coronary artery disease in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease.The SYNTAX score based on invasive coronary angiography (ICA) (also referred to as ICA-SYNTAX score) plays a positive role in the selection of revascularization of complex coronary artery disease and the prediction of adverse events.The development of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) technology promotes the clinical application of SYNTAX score (CCTA-SYNTAX score) based on coronary CTA, and also enriches the examination methods of patients with coronary heart disease. The CCTA-SYNTAX score has the advantages of non-invasiveness, simple operation, good reproducibility, and relatively low cost, which can make it play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. A number of foreign studies have confirmed that CCTA-SYNTAX score is highly correlated with ICA-SYNTAX score, which further promotes the study of CCTA-SYNTAX score in revascularization of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and adverse event prediction.Therefore, the CCTA-SYNTAX score can be an auxiliary method for the ICA-SYNTAX score, as the first choice for preoperative evaluation and postoperative review of patients with coronary heart disease.
Topics: Computed Tomography Angiography; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease; Humans; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Reproducibility of Results; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34565734
DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200837 -
Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery Jul 2018Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has evolved greatly in the last 40 years since its introduction by Andreas Grüntzig in 1977. Since then, we've observed an... (Review)
Review
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has evolved greatly in the last 40 years since its introduction by Andreas Grüntzig in 1977. Since then, we've observed an evolution in balloons, the development of stents, changes in stent structure, development of drug eluting stents, improvements in strut design, thickness and even their polymeric coating. Most recently we saw the rise and "fall" of bioabsorbable scaffolds for PCI. Trials with the most diverse devices for PCI and diagnostic techniques have been conducted. Two of the most recent trials were reported in the last year and deserve special attention-SYNTAX II and SYNTAX III. These trials are completely different in design but present valuable information for doctors managing coronary artery disease (CAD). Both trials take into account contemporary technology for assessing and treating CAD. The first uses so-called "state-of-the-art" PCI and compares the outcomes of that approach with the outcomes of the PCI arm of the pivotal SYNTAX trial. SYNTAX III Revolution on the other hand does not focus on clinical endpoints: it is a blinded trial that does not randomize patients but randomizes doctors ("the heart team") to make a decision on the best treatment for complex CAD. This decision was based either on multi-slice CT with physiological assessment using FFR or on conventional angiography. In this review we bring the most important aspects of those trials and the key messages for surgeons together; also, what the surgeon may expect in the future after the publication of these interesting concepts.
PubMed: 30094211
DOI: 10.21037/acs.2018.07.02 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jan 2020Syntax has been found in animal communication but only humans appear to have generative, hierarchically structured syntax. How did syntax evolve? I discuss three...
Syntax has been found in animal communication but only humans appear to have generative, hierarchically structured syntax. How did syntax evolve? I discuss three theories of evolutionary transition from animal to human syntax: computational capacity, structural flexibility and event perception. The computation hypothesis is supported by artificial grammar experiments consistently showing that only humans can learn linear stimulus sequences with an underlying hierarchical structure, a possible by-product of computationally powerful large brains. The structural flexibility hypothesis is supported by evidence of meaning-bearing combinatorial and permutational signal sequences in animals, with sometimes compositional features, but no evidence for generativity or hierarchical structure. Again, animals may be constrained by computational limits in short-term memory but possibly also by limits in articulatory control and social cognition. The event categorization hypothesis, finally, posits that humans are cognitively predisposed to analyse natural events by assigning agency and assessing how agents impact on patients, a propensity that is reflected by the basic syntactic units in all languages. Whether animals perceive natural events in the same way is largely unknown, although event perception may provide the cognitive grounding for syntax evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'What can animal communication teach us about human language?'
Topics: Animal Communication; Animals; Biological Evolution; Brain; Cognition; Humans; Language; Learning; Linguistics; Memory; Psycholinguistics; Semantics
PubMed: 31735152
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0062 -
JACC. Cardiovascular Interventions Nov 2021
Topics: Aortic Valve; Aortic Valve Stenosis; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Humans; Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34794657
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2021.09.030 -
Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) Mar 2020Syntax, the structure of sentences, enables humans to express an infinite range of meanings through finite means. The neurobiology of syntax has been intensely studied...
Syntax, the structure of sentences, enables humans to express an infinite range of meanings through finite means. The neurobiology of syntax has been intensely studied but with little consensus. Two main candidate regions have been identified: the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIFG) and the posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG). Integrating research in linguistics, psycholinguistics, and neuroscience, we propose a neuroanatomical framework for syntax that attributes distinct syntactic computations to these regions in a unified model. The key theoretical advances are adopting a modern lexicalized view of syntax in which the lexicon and syntactic rules are intertwined, and recognizing a computational asymmetry in the role of syntax during comprehension and production. Our model postulates a hierarchical lexical-syntactic function to the pMTG, which interconnects previously identified speech perception and conceptual-semantic systems in the temporal and inferior parietal lobes, crucial for both sentence production and comprehension. These relational hierarchies are transformed via the pIFG into morpho-syntactic sequences, primarily tied to production. We show how this architecture provides a better account of the full range of data and is consistent with recent proposals regarding the organization of phonological processes in the brain.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Comprehension; Female; Humans; Language; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Prefrontal Cortex; Psycholinguistics; Speech Perception
PubMed: 31670779
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz180