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American Family Physician Oct 2011Heart murmurs are common in healthy infants, children, and adolescents. Although most are not pathologic, a murmur may be the sole manifestation of serious heart... (Review)
Review
Heart murmurs are common in healthy infants, children, and adolescents. Although most are not pathologic, a murmur may be the sole manifestation of serious heart disease. Historical elements that suggest pathology include family history of sudden cardiac death or congenital heart disease, in utero exposure to certain medications or alcohol, maternal diabetes mellitus, history of rheumatic fever or Kawasaki disease, and certain genetic disorders. Physical examination should focus on vital signs; age-appropriate exercise capacity; respiratory or gastrointestinal manifestations of congestive heart failure; and a thorough cardiovascular examination, including features of the murmur, assessment of peripheral perfusion, and auscultation over the heart valves. Red flags that increase the likelihood of a pathologic murmur include a holosystolic or diastolic murmur, grade 3 or higher murmur, harsh quality, an abnormal S2, maximal murmur intensity at the upper left sternal border, a systolic click, or increased intensity when the patient stands. Electrocardiography and chest radiography rarely assist in the diagnosis. Referral to a pediatric cardiologist is recommended for patients with any other abnormal physical examination findings, a history of conditions that increase the likelihood of structural heart disease, symptoms suggesting underlying cardiac disease, or when a specific innocent murmur cannot be identified by the family physician. Echocardiography provides a definitive diagnosis and is recommended for evaluation of any potentially pathologic murmur, and for evaluation of neonatal heart murmurs because these are more likely to be manifestations of structural heart disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Heart Auscultation; Heart Murmurs; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Physical Examination; Prevalence; Referral and Consultation
PubMed: 22010618
DOI: No ID Found -
Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and... Aug 2017Accidental murmurs occur in anatomically and physiologically normal heart. Accidental (innocent) murmurs have their own clearly defined clinical characteristics... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Accidental murmurs occur in anatomically and physiologically normal heart. Accidental (innocent) murmurs have their own clearly defined clinical characteristics (asymptomatic, they require minimal follow-up care).
AIM
To point out the significance of auscultation of the heart in the differentiation of heart murmurs and show clinical characteristics of accidental heart murmurs.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Article presents review of literature which deals with the issue of accidental heart murmurs in the pediatric cardiology.
RESULTS
In the group of accidental murmurs we include classic vibratory parasternal-precordial Stills murmur, pulmonary ejection murmur, the systolic murmur of pulmonary flow in neonates, venous hum, carotid bruit, Potaine murmur, benign cephalic murmur and mammary souffle.
CONCLUSION
Accidental heart murmurs are revealed by auscultation in over 50% of children and youth, with a peak occurrence between 3-6 years or 8-12 years of life. Reducing the frequency of murmurs in the later period can be related to poor conduction of the murmur, although the disappearance of murmur in principle is not expected. It is the most common reason of cardiac treatment of the child, and is a common cause of unreasonable concern of parents.
Topics: Asymptomatic Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Heart; Heart Auscultation; Heart Murmurs; Heart Sounds; Humans
PubMed: 28974851
DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2017.71.284-287 -
Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Dec 2015Patients with undifferentiated systolic murmurs present commonly during the perioperative period. Traditional bedside assessment and auscultation has not changed... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Patients with undifferentiated systolic murmurs present commonly during the perioperative period. Traditional bedside assessment and auscultation has not changed significantly in almost 200 years and relies on interpreting indirect acoustic events as a means of evaluating underlying cardiac pathology. This is notoriously inaccurate, even in expert cardiology hands, since many different valvular and cardiac diseases present with a similar auditory signal.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
The data on systolic murmurs, physical examination, perioperative valvular disease in the setting of non-cardiac surgery is reviewed.
RESULTS
Significant valvular heart disease increases perioperative risk in major non-cardiac surgery and increases long term patient morbidity and mortality. We propose a more modern approach to physical examination that incorporates the use of focused echocardiography to allow direct visualization of cardiac structure and function. This improves the diagnostic accuracy of clinical assessment, allows rational planning of surgery and anaesthesia technique, risk stratification, postoperative monitoring and appropriate referral to physicians and cardiologists.
CONCLUSIONS
With a thorough preoperative assessment incorporating focused echocardiography, anaesthetists are in the unique position to enhance their role as perioperative physicians and influence short and long term outcomes of their patients.
PubMed: 26705529
DOI: 10.5812/aapm.32105 -
Advances in Physiology Education Dec 2012Physiological principles that directly apply to physical diagnosis provide opportune occasions to bring basic science to the bedside. In this article, we describe the... (Review)
Review
Physiological principles that directly apply to physical diagnosis provide opportune occasions to bring basic science to the bedside. In this article, we describe the effect of cardiac maneuvers on systolic murmurs and how physiological principles apply to the explanation of the changes noted at the bedside. We discuss the effect of Valsalva, squatting, and hand grip maneuvers on different physiological parameters influencing preload, afterload, chamber dimensions, and pressure gradients. The clinical manifestations noted during the aforementioned maneuvers are described in common cardiac conditions responsible for the production of certain systolic murmurs.
Topics: Animals; Blood Flow Velocity; Hand Strength; Humans; Posture; Systolic Murmurs; Valsalva Maneuver
PubMed: 23209004
DOI: 10.1152/advan.00128.2011 -
Indian Journal of Critical Care... Dec 2021Pregnancy is a dynamic process, which induces a multitude of anatomic, physiological, biochemical, and psychological changes. Physiological changes during pregnancy...
UNLABELLED
Pregnancy is a dynamic process, which induces a multitude of anatomic, physiological, biochemical, and psychological changes. Physiological changes during pregnancy allow the body to meet the increased metabolic demands of the mother and fetus by maintaining adequate uteroplacental circulation, and ensure fetal growth and development. These changes begin early in the first trimester and are brought on by the increased circulating levels of progesterone and estrogen, which are produced by the ovary in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy and thereafter by the placenta. While some of these cause a change in biochemical values, others may mimic symptoms of medical disease. For instance, cardiac changes such as sinus tachycardia, systolic heart murmurs, and cardiac enlargement could be interpreted as signs of heart disease. It is thus crucial, to differentiate between normal physiological changes and pathological changes, particularly for clinicians involved in the care of pregnant patient.
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Gangakhedkar GR, Kulkarni AP. Physiological Changes in Pregnancy. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25(Suppl 3):S189-S192.
PubMed: 35615611
DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24039 -
California Medicine Mar 1961In phonocardiography the second heart sound is important in appraisal of congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension because it reflects the duration of right...
In phonocardiography the second heart sound is important in appraisal of congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension because it reflects the duration of right ventricular systoles. The systolic murmur in patients with intracardiac shunt decreases as pulmonary hypertension develops, and may eventually disappear completely as the pulmonary pressure reaches systemic level. Reference tracings in phonocardiography are useful for showing the interrelationship of the various cardiac sounds and murmurs.
Topics: Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Murmurs; Heart Sounds; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Phonocardiography; Systole; Systolic Murmurs
PubMed: 13722948
DOI: No ID Found -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Feb 2024Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) following acute myocardial infarction is rare in the modern revascularisation era. Nevertheless, clinical awareness is paramount, as...
BACKGROUND
Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) following acute myocardial infarction is rare in the modern revascularisation era. Nevertheless, clinical awareness is paramount, as presentation may vary.
CASE PRESENTATION
A middle-aged male with no history of cardiovascular disease developed progressive heart failure symptoms while travelling abroad. Initial workup revealed a prominent systolic murmur, but findings were inconsistent with acute coronary syndrome. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed a small hypokinetic area in the basal septum, preserved left ventricular function and no significant valvulopathy. Despite the absence of chest pain, an invasive angiography revealed occlusion of a septal branch emerging from the left anterior descending artery, otherwise patent coronary arteries. Despite administration of diuretics, the patient remained symptomatic and presented two months later to his primary care provider with a persisting systolic murmur. He was subsequently referred to the outpatient cardiology clinic where echocardiography revealed a large VSR involving the basal anteroseptum of the left ventricle with a significant left-to-right shunt. After accurate radiological and haemodynamic assessment of the defect, he successfully underwent elective surgical repair.
INTERPRETATION
Although traditionally associated with large transmural myocardial infarctions, VSR may arise also from minor, subclinical events. A new-onset murmur is a valuable hint for the alert clinician.
Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Systolic Murmurs; Myocardial Infarction; Ventricular Septal Rupture; Echocardiography; Dyspnea
PubMed: 38349103
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0373 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2021This study aimed to evaluate the capability of a piezoelectric sensor to detect a heart murmur in patients with congenital heart defects. Heart sounds and murmurs were...
This study aimed to evaluate the capability of a piezoelectric sensor to detect a heart murmur in patients with congenital heart defects. Heart sounds and murmurs were recorded using a piezoelectric sensor and an electronic stethoscope in healthy neonates (n = 9) and in neonates with systolic murmurs caused by congenital heart defects (n = 9) who were born at a hospital. Signal data were digitally filtered by high-pass filtering, and the envelope of the processed signals was calculated. The amplitudes of systolic murmurs were evaluated using the signal-to-noise ratio and compared between healthy neonates and those with congenital heart defects. In addition, the correlation between the amplitudes of systolic murmurs recorded by the piezoelectric sensor and electronic stethoscope was determined. The amplitudes of systolic murmurs detected by the piezoelectric sensor were significantly higher in neonates with congenital heart defects than in healthy neonates ( < 0.01). Systolic murmurs recorded by the piezoelectric sensor had a strong correlation with those recorded by the electronic stethoscope (ρ = 0.899 and < 0.01, respectively). The piezoelectric sensor can detect heart murmurs objectively. Mechanical improvement and automatic analysis algorithms are expected to improve recording in the future.
Topics: Algorithms; Auscultation; Heart Auscultation; Heart Murmurs; Heart Sounds; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male
PubMed: 33669261
DOI: 10.3390/s21041376