-
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2023Cell migration and invasion have essential roles in both normal physiology and disease. As such, methodologies to assess cell migratory and invasive capacities are...
Cell migration and invasion have essential roles in both normal physiology and disease. As such, methodologies to assess cell migratory and invasive capacities are necessary to elucidate normal cell processes and underlying mechanisms of disease. Here, we describe commonly used transwell in vitro methods for the study of cell migration and invasion. The transwell migration assay involves the chemotaxis of cells through a porous membrane after the establishment of a chemoattractant gradient using two medium-filled compartments. The transwell invasion assay involves the addition of an extracellular matrix on top of the porous membrane which only permits chemotaxis of cells which possess invasive properties such as tumor cells.
Topics: Humans; Cell Movement; Chemotaxis; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Cell Migration Assays; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 37142933
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3052-5_22 -
Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS May 2023Migrasomes are newly discovered extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are formed in migrating cells and mediate intercellular communication. However, their size, biological... (Review)
Review
Migrasomes are newly discovered extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are formed in migrating cells and mediate intercellular communication. However, their size, biological generation, cargo packaging, transport, and effects on recipient cells by migrasomes are different from those of other EVs. In addition to mediating organ morphogenesis during zebrafish gastrulation, discarding damaged mitochondria, and lateral transport of mRNA and proteins, growing evidence has demonstrated that migrasomes mediate a variety of pathological processes. In this review, we summarize the discovery, mechanisms of formation, isolation, identification, and mediation of cellular communication in migrasomes. We discuss migrasome-mediated disease processes, such as osteoclast differentiation, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, tumor cell metastasis by PD-L1 transport, immune cell chemotaxis to the site of infection by chemokines, angiogenesis promotion via angiogenic factors by immune cells, and leukemic cells chemotaxis to the site of mesenchymal stromal cells. Moreover, as new EVs, we propose the potential of migrasomes for disease diagnosis and treatment. Video Abstract.
Topics: Animals; Zebrafish; Cell Communication; Morphogenesis; Chemotaxis; Extracellular Vesicles
PubMed: 37158915
DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01121-4 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Jan 2015Pseudomonads sense changes in the concentration of chemicals in their environment and exhibit a behavioral response mediated by flagella or pili coupled with a... (Review)
Review
Pseudomonads sense changes in the concentration of chemicals in their environment and exhibit a behavioral response mediated by flagella or pili coupled with a chemosensory system. The two known chemotaxis pathways, a flagella-mediated pathway and a putative pili-mediated system, are described in this review. Pseudomonas shows chemotaxis response toward a wide range of chemicals, and this review includes a summary of them organized by chemical structure. The assays used to measure positive and negative chemotaxis swimming and twitching Pseudomonas as well as improvements to those assays and new assays are also described. This review demonstrates that there is ample research and intellectual space for future investigators to elucidate the role of chemotaxis in important processes such as pathogenesis, bioremediation, and the bioprotection of plants and animals.
Topics: Chemotaxis; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Flagella; Pseudomonas
PubMed: 25100612
DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12081 -
Current Biology : CB May 2020In this Primer, Sunyer and Trepat introduce durotaxis, the mode of migration by which cells follow gradients of extracellular matrix stiffness. (Review)
Review
In this Primer, Sunyer and Trepat introduce durotaxis, the mode of migration by which cells follow gradients of extracellular matrix stiffness.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cell Adhesion; Cell Movement; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Taxis Response
PubMed: 32369745
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.051 -
Current Biology : CB Sep 2018Carlson and colleagues introduce mobbing an anti-predator behaviour found in many animals.
Carlson and colleagues introduce mobbing an anti-predator behaviour found in many animals.
Topics: Animals; Cooperative Behavior; Escape Reaction; Predatory Behavior; Social Behavior; Vocalization, Animal
PubMed: 30253143
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.025 -
Journal of Leukocyte Biology Aug 2018From an individual bacterium to the cells that compose the human immune system, cellular chemotaxis plays a fundamental role in allowing cells to navigate, interpret,... (Review)
Review
From an individual bacterium to the cells that compose the human immune system, cellular chemotaxis plays a fundamental role in allowing cells to navigate, interpret, and respond to their environments. While many features of cellular chemotaxis are shared among systems as diverse as bacteria and human immune cells, the machinery that guides the migration of these model organisms varies widely. In this article, we review current literature on the diversity of chemoattractant ligands, the cell surface receptors that detect and process chemotactic gradients, and the link between signal recognition and the regulation of cellular machinery that allow for efficient directed cellular movement. These facets of cellular chemotaxis are compared among E. coli, Dictyostelium discoideum, and mammalian neutrophils to derive organizational principles by which diverse cell systems sense and respond to chemotactic gradients to initiate cellular migration.
Topics: Animals; Chemotaxis; Humans; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29873835
DOI: 10.1002/JLB.1MR0218-044 -
The Journal of Experimental Biology Feb 2019Many casual observers typecast as a stationary pest that lurks around fruit and wine. However, the omnipresent fruit fly, which thrives even in desert habitats, likely... (Review)
Review
Many casual observers typecast as a stationary pest that lurks around fruit and wine. However, the omnipresent fruit fly, which thrives even in desert habitats, likely established and maintained its cosmopolitan status via migration over large spatial scales. To perform long-distance dispersal, flies must actively maintain a straight compass heading through the use of external orientation cues, such as those derived from the sky. In this Review, we address how accomplishes long-distance navigation using celestial cues. We focus on behavioral and physiological studies indicating that fruit flies can navigate both to a pattern of linearly polarized light and to the position of the sun - the same cues utilized by more heralded insect navigators such as monarch butterflies and desert ants. In both cases, fruit flies perform menotaxis, selecting seemingly arbitrary headings that they then maintain over time. We discuss how the fly's nervous system detects and processes this sensory information to direct the steering maneuvers that underlie navigation. In particular, we highlight recent findings that compass neurons in the central complex, a set of midline neuropils, are essential for navigation. Taken together, these results suggest that fruit flies share an ancient, latent capacity for celestial navigation with other insects. Furthermore, they illustrate the potential of to help us to elucidate both the cellular basis of navigation and mechanisms of directed dispersal on a landscape scale.
Topics: Animals; Cues; Drosophila melanogaster; Orientation, Spatial; Phototaxis; Spatial Navigation
PubMed: 30728228
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.186148 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Mar 2012The motility of organisms is often directed in response to environmental stimuli. Rheotaxis is the directed movement resulting from fluid velocity gradients, long...
The motility of organisms is often directed in response to environmental stimuli. Rheotaxis is the directed movement resulting from fluid velocity gradients, long studied in fish, aquatic invertebrates, and spermatozoa. Using carefully controlled microfluidic flows, we show that rheotaxis also occurs in bacteria. Excellent quantitative agreement between experiments with Bacillus subtilis and a mathematical model reveals that bacterial rheotaxis is a purely physical phenomenon, in contrast to fish rheotaxis but in the same way as sperm rheotaxis. This previously unrecognized bacterial taxis results from a subtle interplay between velocity gradients and the helical shape of flagella, which together generate a torque that alters a bacterium's swimming direction. Because this torque is independent of the presence of a nearby surface, bacterial rheotaxis is not limited to the immediate neighborhood of liquid-solid interfaces, but also takes place in the bulk fluid. We predict that rheotaxis occurs in a wide range of bacterial habitats, from the natural environment to the human body, and can interfere with chemotaxis, suggesting that the fitness benefit conferred by bacterial motility may be sharply reduced in some hydrodynamic conditions.
Topics: Bacillus subtilis; Chemotaxis; Humans; Models, Biological; Movement; Rheology; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 22411815
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120955109 -
Nature Reviews. Cancer Jul 2011Chemotaxis of tumour cells and stromal cells in the surrounding microenvironment is an essential component of tumour dissemination during progression and metastasis.... (Review)
Review
Chemotaxis of tumour cells and stromal cells in the surrounding microenvironment is an essential component of tumour dissemination during progression and metastasis. This Review summarizes how chemotaxis directs the different behaviours of tumour cells and stromal cells in vivo, how molecular pathways regulate chemotaxis in tumour cells and how chemotaxis choreographs cell behaviour to shape the tumour microenvironment and to determine metastatic spread. The central importance of chemotaxis in cancer progression is highlighted by discussion of the use of chemotaxis as a prognostic marker, a treatment end point and a target of therapeutic intervention.
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Chemotaxis; Disease Progression; Humans; Neoplasms; Prognosis; Tumor Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 21779009
DOI: 10.1038/nrc3078 -
The FEBS Journal May 2022Directed cell migration is essential for cells to efficiently migrate in physiological and pathological processes. While migrating in their native environment, cells... (Review)
Review
Directed cell migration is essential for cells to efficiently migrate in physiological and pathological processes. While migrating in their native environment, cells interact with multiple types of cues, such as mechanical and chemical signals. The role of chemical guidance via chemotaxis has been studied in the past, the understanding of mechanical guidance of cell migration via durotaxis remained unclear until very recently. Nonetheless, durotaxis has become a topic of intensive research and several advances have been made in the study of mechanically guided cell migration across multiple fields. Thus, in this article we provide a state of the art about durotaxis by discussing in silico, in vitro and in vivo data. We also present insights on the general mechanisms by which cells sense, transduce and respond to environmental mechanics, to then contextualize these mechanisms in the process of durotaxis and explain how cells bias their migration in anisotropic substrates. Furthermore, we discuss what is known about durotaxis in vivo and we comment on how haptotaxis could arise from integrating durotaxis and chemotaxis in native environments.
Topics: Cell Movement; Chemotaxis
PubMed: 33811732
DOI: 10.1111/febs.15862