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Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Jan 2023The temporal lobes are the part of the brain most likely to give rise to epileptic seizures. Seizures originating in the temporal lobes vary greatly in character; some...
The temporal lobes are the part of the brain most likely to give rise to epileptic seizures. Seizures originating in the temporal lobes vary greatly in character; some may be so unusual that they are not even recognised as epileptic. For patients who have been diagnosed with hippocampal sclerosis and whose seizures cannot be controlled with drugs, epilepsy surgery may be a good treatment option. In this brief clinical review, we summarise the key features of epilepsy and highlight the importance of accurate and early diagnosis for achieving good clinical outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Seizures; Epilepsy; Temporal Lobe; Brain; Hippocampus; Electroencephalography
PubMed: 36718887
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0369 -
Physiological Reviews Oct 2011Language processing is a trait of human species. The knowledge about its neurobiological basis has been increased considerably over the past decades. Different brain... (Review)
Review
Language processing is a trait of human species. The knowledge about its neurobiological basis has been increased considerably over the past decades. Different brain regions in the left and right hemisphere have been identified to support particular language functions. Networks involving the temporal cortex and the inferior frontal cortex with a clear left lateralization were shown to support syntactic processes, whereas less lateralized temporo-frontal networks subserve semantic processes. These networks have been substantiated both by functional as well as by structural connectivity data. Electrophysiological measures indicate that within these networks syntactic processes of local structure building precede the assignment of grammatical and semantic relations in a sentence. Suprasegmental prosodic information overtly available in the acoustic language input is processed predominantly in a temporo-frontal network in the right hemisphere associated with a clear electrophysiological marker. Studies with patients suffering from lesions in the corpus callosum reveal that the posterior portion of this structure plays a crucial role in the interaction of syntactic and prosodic information during language processing.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Language Development; Nerve Net; Speech Perception; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 22013214
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2011 -
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and... Feb 1957
Topics: Hippocampus; Humans; Memory; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 13406589
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Aug 2017There has been interest in the idea that medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures might be especially important for spatial processing and spatial memory. We tested the...
There has been interest in the idea that medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures might be especially important for spatial processing and spatial memory. We tested the proposal that the MTL has a specific role in topographical memory as assessed in tasks of scene memory where the viewpoint shifts from study to test. Building on materials used previously for such studies, we administered three different tasks in a total of nine conditions. Participants studied a scene depicting four hills of different shapes and sizes and made a choice among four test images. In the Rotation task, the correct choice depicted the study scene from a shifted perspective. MTL patients succeeded when the study and test images were presented together but failed the moment the study scene was removed (even at a 0-s delay). In the No-Rotation task, the correct choice was a duplicate of the study scene. Patients were impaired to the same extent in the No-Rotation and Rotation tasks after matching for difficulty. Thus, an inability to accommodate changes in viewpoint does not account for patient impairment. In the Nonspatial-Perceptual task, the correct choice depicted the same overall coloring as the study scene. Patients were intact at a 2-s delay but failed at longer, distraction-filled delays. The different results for the spatial and nonspatial tasks are discussed in terms of differences in demand on working memory. We suggest that the difficulty of the spatial tasks rests on the neocortex and on the limitations of working memory, not on the MTL.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders; Memory, Short-Term; Middle Aged; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 28739918
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708963114 -
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD 2021Non-Hispanic black (NHB) individuals have increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) relative to non-Hispanic whites (NHW). Ethnicity/race can serve as a proxy...
BACKGROUND
Non-Hispanic black (NHB) individuals have increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) relative to non-Hispanic whites (NHW). Ethnicity/race can serve as a proxy sociodemographic variable for a complex representation of sociocultural and environmental factors. Chronic pain is a form of stress with high prevalence and sociodemographic disparities. Chronic pain is linked to lower cognition and accelerated biological aging.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to seek understanding of potential cognitive and temporal lobe structural brain AD vulnerabilities based on chronic pain stage and ethnicity/race.
METHODS
Participants included 147 community dwelling NHB and NHW adults without dementia between 45-85 years old who had or were at risk of knee osteoarthritis. All participants received an MRI (3T Philips), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and assessment of clinical knee pain stage.
RESULTS
There were ethnic/race group differences in MoCA scores but no relationships with chronic knee pain stage. Ethnicity/race moderated the relationship between AD-related temporal lobe thickness and chronic pain stage with quadratic patterns suggesting thinner cortex in high chronic pain stage NHB adults.
CONCLUSION
There appear to be complex relationships between chronic knee pain stage, temporal lobe cortex, and sociodemographic variables. Specifically, NHB participants without dementia but with high chronic knee pain stage appeared to have thinner temporal cortex in areas associated with AD. Understanding the effects of sociocultural and socioeconomic factors on health outcomes is the first step to challenging the disparities in healthcare that now appear to link disease conditions to neurodegenerative processes.
Topics: Black or African American; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Chronic Pain; Cognition; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Socioeconomic Factors; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 33720889
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-201345 -
NeuroImage Apr 2018The temporal lobe has been associated with various cognitive functions which include memory, auditory cognition and semantics. However, at a higher level of... (Review)
Review
The temporal lobe has been associated with various cognitive functions which include memory, auditory cognition and semantics. However, at a higher level of conceptualisation, all of the functions associated with the temporal lobe can be considered as lying along one major axis; from modality-specific to modality-general processing. This paper used a spectral reordering technique on resting-state and task-based functional data to extract the major organisational axis of the temporal lobe in a bottom-up, data-driven fashion. Independent parcellations were performed on resting-state scans from 71 participants and active semantic task scans from 23 participants acquired using dual echo gradient echo planar imaging in order to preserve signal in inferior temporal cortex. The resulting organisational axis was consistent (over dataset and hemisphere) and progressed from superior temporal gyrus and posterior inferior temporal cortex to ventrolateral anterior temporal cortex. A hard parcellation separated a posterior (superior temporal and posterior fusiform and inferior temporal gyri) and an anterior cluster (ventrolateral anterior temporal lobe). The functional connectivity of the hard clusters supported the hypothesis that the connectivity gradient separated modality-specific and modality-general regions. This hypothesis was then directly tested by performing a VOI analysis upon an independent semantic task-based data set including auditory and visually presented stimuli. This confirmed that the ventrolateral anterior aspects of the temporal lobe are associated with modality-general processes whilst posterior and superior aspects are specific to certain modalities, with the posterior inferior subregions involved in visual processes and superior regions involved in audition.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Brain Mapping; Echo-Planar Imaging; Humans; Temporal Lobe; Young Adult
PubMed: 28419851
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.024 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jul 2022The biological foundation for the language-ready brain in the human lineage remains a debated subject. In humans, the arcuate fasciculus (AF) white matter and the...
The biological foundation for the language-ready brain in the human lineage remains a debated subject. In humans, the arcuate fasciculus (AF) white matter and the posterior portions of the middle temporal gyrus are crucial for language. Compared with other primates, the human AF has been shown to dramatically extend into the posterior temporal lobe, which forms the basis of a number of models of the structural connectivity basis of language. Recent advances in both language research and comparative neuroimaging invite a reassessment of the anatomical differences in language streams between humans and our closest relatives. Here, we show that posterior temporal connectivity via the AF in humans compared with chimpanzees is expanded in terms of its connectivity not just to the ventral frontal cortex but also to the parietal cortex. At the same time, posterior temporal regions connect more strongly to the ventral white matter in chimpanzees as opposed to humans. This pattern is present in both brain hemispheres. Additionally, we show that the anterior temporal lobe harbors a combination of connections present in both species through the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle and human-unique expansions through the uncinate and middle and inferior longitudinal fascicles. These findings elucidate structural changes that are unique to humans and may underlie the anatomical foundations for full-fledged language capacity.
Topics: Animals; Brain Mapping; Humans; Language; Neural Pathways; Neuroanatomy; Pan troglodytes; Temporal Lobe; White Matter
PubMed: 35787056
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118295119 -
Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy Apr 2021Historically, the anterior part of the temporal lobe was labelled as a unique structure named Brain Area 38 by Brodmann or Temporopolar Area TG by Von Economo, but its... (Review)
Review
Historically, the anterior part of the temporal lobe was labelled as a unique structure named Brain Area 38 by Brodmann or Temporopolar Area TG by Von Economo, but its functions were unknown at that time. Later on, a few studies proposed to divide the temporal pole in several different subparts, based on distinct cytoarchitectural structure or connectivity patterns, while a still growing number of studies have associated the temporal pole with many cognitive functions. In this review, we provide an overview of the temporal pole anatomical and histological structure and its various functions. We performed a literature review of articles published prior to September 30, 2020 that included 112 articles. The temporal pole has thereby been associated with several high-level cognitive processes: visual processing for complex objects and face recognition, autobiographic memory, naming and word-object labelling, semantic processing in all modalities, and socio-emotional processing, as demonstrated in healthy subjects and in patients with neurological or psychiatric diseases, especially in the field of neurodegenerative disorders. A good knowledge of those functions and the symptoms associated with temporal pole lesions or dysfunctions is helpful to identify these diseases, whose diagnosis may otherwise be difficult.
Topics: Animals; Brain Mapping; Humans; Memory; Neural Pathways; Social Cognition; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 33582250
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101925 -
Neurosurgery Clinics of North America Jan 2016Medial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is perhaps the most well-defined epilepsy syndrome that is responsive to structural... (Review)
Review
Medial temporal lobe epilepsy associated with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is perhaps the most well-defined epilepsy syndrome that is responsive to structural interventions such as surgery. Several minimally invasive techniques have arisen that provide additional options for the treatment of MTS while potentially avoiding many of open surgery's associated risks. By evading these risks, they also open up treatment options to patients who otherwise are poor surgical candidates. Radiosurgery is one of the most intensively studied of these alternatives and has found a growing role in the treatment of medial temporal lobe epilepsy.
Topics: Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Humans; Radiosurgery; Sclerosis; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 26615110
DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2015.08.011 -
Human Brain Mapping Jul 2022Enhanced visual cortex activation by negative compared to neutral stimuli is often attributed to modulating feedback from the amygdala, but evidence from lesion studies...
Enhanced visual cortex activation by negative compared to neutral stimuli is often attributed to modulating feedback from the amygdala, but evidence from lesion studies is scarce, particularly regarding differential effects of left and right amygdala lesions. Therefore, we compared visual cortex activation by negative and neutral complex scenes in an event-related fMRI study between 40 patients with unilateral temporal lobe resection (TLR; 19 left [lTLR], 21 right [rTLR]), including the amygdala, and 20 healthy controls. We found preserved hemodynamic emotion modulation of visual cortex in rTLR patients and only subtle reductions in lTLR patients. In contrast, rTLR patients showed a significant decrease in visual cortex activation irrespective of picture content. In line with this, healthy controls showed small emotional modulation of the left amygdala only, while their right amygdala was activated equally by negative and neutral pictures. Correlations of activation in amygdala and visual cortex were observed for both negative and neutral pictures in the controls. In both patient groups, this relationship was attenuated ipsilateral to the TLR. Our results support the notion of reentrant mechanisms between amygdala and visual cortex and suggest laterality differences in their emotion-specificity. While right medial temporal lobe structures including the amygdala seem to influence visual processing in general, the left medial temporal lobe appears to contribute specifically to emotion processing. Still, effects of left TLR on visual emotion processing were relatively subtle. Therefore, hemodynamic correlates of visual emotion processing are likely supported by a distributed cerebral network, challenging an amygdalocentric view of emotion processing.
Topics: Amygdala; Emotions; Hemodynamics; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Photic Stimulation; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 35384132
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25852