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Pest Management Science Jul 2006The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), is an important pest in poultry facilities. The toxicity of cyfluthrin and tetrachlorvinphos to five strains of the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), is an important pest in poultry facilities. The toxicity of cyfluthrin and tetrachlorvinphos to five strains of the lesser mealworm was compared with the toxicity to a susceptible laboratory strain. Bioassays were carried out with both larvae and adults. For the susceptible strain, cyfluthrin and tetrachlorvinphos had similar toxicity to adults, but cyfluthrin was 5 times more toxic to larvae when compared with tetrachlorvinphos. High levels of resistance to tetrachlorvinphos in two beetle strains were detected in both larvae and adults, although these strains were heterogeneous and still contained susceptible individuals. Resistance to cyfluthrin ranged from 1.7- to 9.5-fold for adults and from 0.5- to 29-fold for larvae at the LC(95). Overall, the patterns of resistance did not mirror the insecticide use patterns reported at these facilities. The implications of these results to management of the lesser mealworms are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Appalachian Region; Drug Resistance; Insecticides; Larva; Nitriles; Pyrethrins; Tenebrio; Tetrachlorvinphos
PubMed: 16770758
DOI: 10.1002/ps.1230 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021Brain tumors are the second most common neoplasm in the pediatric age. Pesticides may play an etiologic role, but literature results are conflicting. This review... (Review)
Review
Parental Pesticide Exposure and Childhood Brain Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Confirming the IARC/WHO Monographs on Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides.
BACKGROUND
Brain tumors are the second most common neoplasm in the pediatric age. Pesticides may play an etiologic role, but literature results are conflicting. This review provides a systematic overview, meta-analysis, and IARC/WHO consideration of data on parental exposure to pesticides and childhood brain tumors.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar for literature (1 January 1966-31 December 2020) that assessed childhood brain tumors and parental exposure to pesticides. We undertook a meta-analysis addressing prenatal exposure, exposure after birth, occupational exposure, and residential exposure. A total of 130 case-control investigations involving 43,598 individuals (18,198 cases and 25,400 controls) were included.
RESULTS
Prenatal exposure is associated with childhood brain tumors (odds ratio, OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.17-1.49; I = 41.1%). The same occurs after birth exposure (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.03-1.45, I = 72.3%) and residential exposure to pesticides (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.11-1.54, I = 67.2%). Parental occupational exposure is only marginally associated with CBT (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.99-1.38, I = 67.0%).
CONCLUSIONS
There is an association between CBT and parental pesticides exposure before childbirth, after birth, and residential exposure. It is in line with the IARC Monograph evaluating the carcinogenicity of diazinon, glyphosate, malathion, parathion, and tetrachlorvinphos.
PubMed: 34943292
DOI: 10.3390/children8121096 -
Japanese Journal of Pharmacology Feb 1982The effect of tetrachlorvinphos (TCVP) on liver procainesterase (PROCase) and procaine toxicity was studied in rats. TCVP is an organophosphate with an inducible effect...
The effect of tetrachlorvinphos (TCVP) on liver procainesterase (PROCase) and procaine toxicity was studied in rats. TCVP is an organophosphate with an inducible effect on drug metabolizing enzymes. A single oral dose of 500 mg/kg of TCVP caused a remarkable decrease in PROCase (40% of control) 24 hr later and increased the motality after injection of procaine (250 mg/kg, i.p.) from 54% to 87%. Conversely, it was observed that PROCase elevated to 140% of the control and mortality decreased from 54% to 25% on day 3. With repeated administration of TCVP (500 mg/kg/day) for 5 days, the PROCase activity that was inhibited on day 1 was gradually restored to normal levels by 5 days and the mortality altered to 25%. The inducible effect on PROCase was examined using desmethyl-TCVP, a metabolite of TCVP without inhibitory effect on the enzyme; PROCase activity was enhanced to 1.6-fold of the control and procaine concentration in the brain was reduced to 30% of the control, accompanied with no death of rats after procaine injection. Electrophoresis of the solubilized liver microsomal fraction confirmed the inducible effect of TCVP on PROCase; microsomal protein from the TCVP-treated rat was more deeply stained than that from the control, and the PROCase activity of two anodic bands increased in the TCVP-treated microsomes. These results indicate that TCVP has a dual action on PROCase, inducible and inhibitory, and that the direct inhibitory effect of TCVP might mask the increased amount of the enzyme induced by repeated administration of TCVP. The dual effect of TCVP on PROCase would cause the change in procaine toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Brain Chemistry; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Electrophoresis; Enzyme Induction; Ethionine; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Procaine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tetrachlorvinphos
PubMed: 7087253
DOI: 10.1254/jjp.32.109 -
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2012Although persistent decrements in cognitive function have been observed among persons who have recovered from clinically overt organophosphate (OP) pesticide poisoning,...
Although persistent decrements in cognitive function have been observed among persons who have recovered from clinically overt organophosphate (OP) pesticide poisoning, little is known about the cognitive effects of chronic OP exposures that do not result in acute poisoning. To examine associations between long-term pesticide use and neurobehavioral (NB) function, NB tests were administered to licensed pesticide applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) in Iowa and North Carolina. Between 2006 and 2008, 701 male participants completed nine NB tests to assess memory, motor speed and coordination, sustained attention, verbal learning and visual scanning and processing. Data on ever-use and lifetime days of use of 16 OP pesticides were obtained from AHS interviews conducted before testing between 1993 and 2007 and during the NB visit. The mean age of participants was 61 years (SD=12). Associations between pesticide use and NB test performance were estimated with linear regression controlling for age and outcome-specific covariates. NB test performance was associated with lifetime days of use of some pesticides. Ethoprop was significantly associated with reduced performance on a test of motor speed and visual scanning. Malathion was significantly associated with poor performance on a test of visual scanning and processing. Conversely, we observed significantly better test performance for five OP pesticides. Specifically, chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, parathion, phorate, and tetrachlorvinphos were associated with better verbal learning and memory; coumaphos was associated with better performance on a test of motor speed and visual scanning; and parathion was associated with better performance on a test of sustained attention. Several associations varied by state. Overall, we found no consistent evidence of an association between OP pesticide use and adverse NB test performance among this older sample of pesticide applicators. Potential reasons for these mostly null results include a true absence of effect as well as possible selective participation by healthier applicators.
Topics: Aged; Agriculture; Cognition Disorders; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organophosphates; Pesticides; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 21907279
DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.08.014 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Dec 2016Identifying cancer hazards is the first step towards cancer prevention. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme, which has evaluated...
BACKGROUND
Identifying cancer hazards is the first step towards cancer prevention. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme, which has evaluated nearly 1,000 agents for their carcinogenic potential since 1971, typically selects agents for hazard identification on the basis of public nominations, expert advice, published data on carcinogenicity, and public health importance.
OBJECTIVES
Here, we present a novel and complementary strategy for identifying agents for hazard evaluation using chemoinformatics, database integration, and automated text mining.
DISCUSSION
To inform selection among a broad range of pesticides nominated for evaluation, we identified and screened nearly 6,000 relevant chemical structures, after which we systematically compiled information on 980 pesticides, creating network maps that allowed cluster visualization by chemical similarity, pesticide class, and publicly available information concerning cancer epidemiology, cancer bioassays, and carcinogenic mechanisms. For the IARC Monograph meetings that took place in March and June 2015, this approach supported high-priority evaluation of glyphosate, malathion, parathion, tetrachlorvinphos, diazinon, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), lindane, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).
CONCLUSIONS
This systematic approach, accounting for chemical similarity and overlaying multiple data sources, can be used by risk assessors as well as by researchers to systematize, inform, and increase efficiency in selecting and prioritizing agents for hazard identification, risk assessment, regulation, or further investigation. This approach could be extended to an array of outcomes and agents, including occupational carcinogens, drugs, and foods. Citation: Guha N, Guyton KZ, Loomis D, Barupal DK. 2016. Prioritizing chemicals for risk assessment using chemoinformatics: examples from the IARC Monographs on Pesticides. Environ Health Perspect 124:1823-1829; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP186.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogens; Hazardous Substances; Humans; Informatics; International Agencies; Neoplasms; Pesticides; Public Health; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 27164621
DOI: 10.1289/EHP186 -
Poultry Science Apr 1987Efficacies of mixtures of diluted commercial formulations of selected insecticides and disinfectants were evaluated. Insecticides tested included representative...
Efficacies of mixtures of diluted commercial formulations of selected insecticides and disinfectants were evaluated. Insecticides tested included representative pyrethroids (fenvalerate [Ectrin WDL and WD] and permethrin [Ectiban EC]), organophosphates (dichlorvos [Vapona EC], tetrachlorvinphos [Rabon WP] and dichlorvos/tetrachlorvinphos [RaVap EC], and a carbamate (carbaryl [Sevin S]). Disinfectants tested included representatives of cresylic acid (Biolene), cresylic acid/phenol (BioGuard X-185), phenol (1-Stroke Environ), quaternary ammonium (BioGuard S-3 and PFP-4), quaternary ammonium/formalin (DC & R), and formalin classes of disinfectants. Mixtures were tested for toxicity to two target insects (Musca domestica on plywood, Alphitobius diaperinus in litter) and two bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus). Of 56 mixtures evaluated, 24 showed reduced insecticidal toxicity and 35 showed reduced bactericidal activity compared with insecticides or disinfectants alone.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Coleoptera; Disinfectants; Houseflies; Insecticides; Larva; Poultry; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 3112756
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0660659 -
Environmental Health : a Global Access... Mar 2011Studies report that residential use of pesticides in low-income homes is common because of poor housing conditions and pest infestations; however, exposure data on...
BACKGROUND
Studies report that residential use of pesticides in low-income homes is common because of poor housing conditions and pest infestations; however, exposure data on contemporary-use pesticides in low-income households is limited. We conducted a study in low-income homes from urban and agricultural communities to: characterize and compare house dust levels of agricultural and residential-use pesticides; evaluate the correlation of pesticide concentrations in samples collected several days apart; examine whether concentrations of pesticides phased-out for residential uses, but still used in agriculture (i.e., chlorpyrifos and diazinon) have declined in homes in the agricultural community; and estimate resident children's pesticide exposures via inadvertent dust ingestion.
METHODS
In 2006, we collected up to two dust samples 5-8 days apart from each of 13 urban homes in Oakland, California and 15 farmworker homes in Salinas, California, an agricultural community (54 samples total). We measured 22 insecticides including organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, diazinon-oxon, malathion, methidathion, methyl parathion, phorate, and tetrachlorvinphos) and pyrethroids (allethrin-two isomers, bifenthrin, cypermethrin-four isomers, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, imiprothrin, permethrin-two isomers, prallethrin, and sumithrin), one phthalate herbicide (chlorthal-dimethyl), one dicarboximide fungicide (iprodione), and one pesticide synergist (piperonyl butoxide).
RESULTS
More than half of the households reported applying pesticides indoors. Analytes frequently detected in both locations included chlorpyrifos, diazinon, permethrin, allethrin, cypermethrin, and piperonyl butoxide; no differences in concentrations or loadings were observed between locations for these analytes. Chlorthal-dimethyl was detected solely in farmworker homes, suggesting contamination due to regional agricultural use. Concentrations in samples collected 5-8 days apart in the same home were strongly correlated for the majority of the frequently detected analytes (Spearman ρ = 0.70-1.00, p < 0.01). Additionally, diazinon and chlorpyrifos concentrations in Salinas farmworker homes were 40-80% lower than concentrations reported in samples from Salinas farmworker homes studied between 2000-2002, suggesting a temporal reduction after their residential phase-out. Finally, estimated non-dietary pesticide intake for resident children did not exceed current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) recommended chronic reference doses (RfDs).
CONCLUSION
Low-income children are potentially exposed to a mixture of pesticides as a result of poorer housing quality. Historical or current pesticide use indoors is likely to contribute to ongoing exposures. Agricultural pesticide use may also contribute to additional exposures to some pesticides in rural areas. Although children's non-dietary intake did not exceed U.S. EPA RfDs for select pesticides, this does not ensure that children are free of any health risks as RfDs have their own limitations, and the children may be exposed indoors via other pathways. The frequent pesticide use reported and high detection of several home-use pesticides in house dust suggests that families would benefit from integrated pest management strategies to control pests and minimize current and future exposures.
Topics: Adult; Agriculture; California; Child; Chlorpyrifos; Diazinon; Dust; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Housing; Humans; Mexican Americans; Pesticides; Socioeconomic Factors; Time Factors
PubMed: 21410986
DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-10-19 -
Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni Jul 2017Dermanyssus gallinae is one of the important hematophagous ectoparasite species of poultry like chicken, pigeon and wild bird species. These ectoparasites in the form of...
Dermanyssus gallinae is one of the important hematophagous ectoparasite species of poultry like chicken, pigeon and wild bird species. These ectoparasites in the form of nymphs or adults who can not find their hosts are also seen in mammals and even in humans. For this reason, they are considered as important for public health. The ectoparasite causes a clinical condition named gamasoidosis among pet owners and people who live or work close to animal shelters, barns and chicken farms. Pruritus dermatitis is also caused by D.gallinae in humans and can cause false diagnosis. In this report, a case of D.gallinae which leads to severe itch in the hairy head skin was presented. A 66-year-old female patient admitted to University Hospital with complaints of "bugs in her hair and itching of the skin increasing in the evenings" that have persisted for a month. In the dermatological examination of the patient, it was noted that her hair and scalp were usual. Routine laboratory tests were normal. However, a large number of mites were found in her headscarf that she brought with her to the examination. Later, it was learned that the patient feeds chicken in her garden in the village where she lives. The collected mite samples were were kept in glass test tubes that contained glycerol and alcohol. The mites were identified as D.gallinae by morphological identification with light microscopy by using 10x, 20x and 40x magnifications. The mites were described as D.gallinae (Order: Mesostigmata, local name: poultry red mite, perch mite, poultry mite) with the morphological examination. Long-acting 1% permethrin shampoo was applied to remove the mites on the patient and during the controls, it was changed as 5% permethrin and 10% crotamiton lotion. For environmental sanitation, carbamates (such as carbolineum, trichlorfon, malathion, tetrachlorvinphos, etc.), organophosphates and acaricide insecticides with pyrethroids spraying or powder formulations were recommended. It was recommended to repair the slits and cracks where the parasite in the shelter could be stored. The patient was informed on (i) how to clean the household items with susceptible acaricides, (ii) removal of unused infected animal shelters, cages and nests from human habitat, (iii) raising of ambient temperature above 45°C, (iv) ventilation of the living spaces and (v) washing the clothes with detergent. In order to be effectively protected from the risk of infection and the detriments that are brought by this parasite, it is imperative to stay away from the hosts and the infected areas such as chicken farms, to obey the hygiene regulations, and to properly conduct the disinfestation of the shelters. In addition, it is also helpful to receive a true story from the patient, with details of contact with birds for the protection and treatment.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Chickens; Female; Humans; Mite Infestations; Mites; Poultry Diseases; Pruritus; Scalp Dermatoses
PubMed: 28929966
DOI: 10.5578/mb.57351 -
National Cancer Institute... 1978A bioassay of technical-grade tetrachlorvinphos for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1...
A bioassay of technical-grade tetrachlorvinphos for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 50 rats of each sex were administered tetrachlorvinphos at one of two doses for 80 weeks, then observed for 31 additional weeks. Time-weighted average doses were either 4,250 or 8,500 ppm. Matched controls consisted of groups of 10 untreated rats of each sex; pooled controls, used for statistical evaluation, consisted of the matched controls combined with 45 untreated male and 45 untreated female rats from similar bioassays of four other test chemicals. All surviving rats were killed at 111 weeks. Groups of 50 mice of each sex were administered tetrachlorvinphos at one of two doses, either 8,000 or 16,000 ppm, for 80 weeks, then observed for 12 additional weeks. Matched controls consisted of groups of 10 untreated mice of each sex; pooled controls, used for statistical evaluation, consisted of the matched controls combined with 40 untreated male and 40 untreated female mice from similar bioassays of four other test chemicals. All surviving mice were killed at 90-92 weeks. The mean body weights of the treated rats and mice were generally lower than those of the matched controls; however, the mortality rate was affected adversely by tetrachlorvinphos only in the male rats. Survival of all groups of rats and mice was adequate for meaningful statistical analyses of the incidence of tumors, except for a matched-control group of female rats for which the survival was abnormally low. In rats, C-cell adenoma of the thyroid showed a significant dose-related trend in the females, using pooled controls (controls 1/46, low-dose 2/50, high-dose 7/46, P=0.013), and by direct comparison, an increased incidence in the high-dose group (P=0.027). High incidences of C-cell hyperplasia in treated males and females further indicated a chemical-related effect on proliferative lesions of the thyroid. Cortical adenoma of the adrenal also showed a significant dose-related trend in the females, using pooled controls (controls 0/50, low-dose 2/49, high-dose 5/50,P=0.017), and by direct comparison, an increased incidence in the high-dose group (P=0.022). Hemangioma of the spleen occurred in male rats at a significantly higher incidence in the low-dose group than in the pooled controls (controls 0/52, low-dose 4/48, P=0.049); however, neither the incidence in the high-dose group (0/47) nor the test result for dose-related trend was statistically significant. In mice, hepatocellular carcinoma in males showed a highly significant dose-related trend, using either matched controls (controls 0/9, low-dose 36/50, high-dose 40/50, P<0.001) or pooled controls (controls 5/49, P<0.001). This finding was supported by direct comparisons of low- and high-dose groups of males with matched- or pooled-control groups, which showed highly significant increases in incidences of the tumor in the treated groups in all instances (P<0.001). In females, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was not significant; however, the incidence of neoplastic nodule was significantly higher in both the low- and high-dose groups than in the pooled controls (controls 1/48, low-dose 14/49, P<0.001; high-dose 9/47, P=0.007), using pooled controls for tests for both doses. Because of this higher incidence in the low-dose group than in the high-dose group, there was a significant departure from linear trend (P=0.006). Granulomatous lesions of the liver were found in high proportions in both treated rats and treated mice, but none were found in matched controls. It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, the administration of technical-grade tetrachlorvinphos in Osborne-Mendel rats was associated with proliferative lesions of the C cells of the thyroid and cortical adenomas of the adrenal in females. In female B6C3F1 mice, the incidence of neoplastic nodule of the liver was associated with treatment, and in male mice tetrachlorvinphos was carcinogenic, causing hepatocellular carcinoma of the liver.
PubMed: 12844174
DOI: No ID Found