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Swiss Dental Journal May 2018Vascular supply is key for maintenance of healthy tissue conditions but also with regard to healing following trauma or therapeutic interventions. The face is probably... (Review)
Review
Vascular supply is key for maintenance of healthy tissue conditions but also with regard to healing following trauma or therapeutic interventions. The face is probably the most exposed part of the body and any changes of vascularity are readily visible (skin blanching, ecchymosis, hematoma, edema). With regard to the arterial supply, all vessels reaching the facial skin originate from the bilateral common carotid arteries. The ophthalmic artery is considered the major arterial shunt between the internal and external carotid artery systems. Main arterial contributors to the face include the facial, transverse facial, and infraorbital arteries. In general, homonymous veins accompany the arteries, but there are some exceptions (inferior ophthalmic vein, retromandibular vein). Furthermore, the facial vein demonstrates a consistently more posterior course compared to the facial artery. Lymphatic vessels including lymph nodes play an important role for facial drainage.
Topics: Arteries; Carotid Artery, External; Carotid Artery, Internal; Face; Humans; Lymphatic System; Maxillary Artery; Ophthalmic Artery; Orbit; Reference Values; Skin; Temporal Arteries; Veins
PubMed: 29734800
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Interventional Cardiology 2022Coronary arteries are exposed to a variety of complex biomechanical forces during a normal cardiac cycle. These forces have the potential to contribute to coronary stent...
INTRODUCTION
Coronary arteries are exposed to a variety of complex biomechanical forces during a normal cardiac cycle. These forces have the potential to contribute to coronary stent failure. Recent advances in stent design allow for the transmission of native pulsatile biomechanical forces in the stented vessel. However, there is a significant lack of evidence in a human model to measure vessel motion in native coronary arteries and stent conformability. Thus, we aimed to characterize and define coronary artery radial deformation and the effect of stent implantation on arterial deformation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) pullback DICOM images were obtained from human coronary arteries using a coronary ultrasound catheter. Using two-dimensional speckle tracking, coronary artery radial deformation was defined as the inward and outward displacement (mm) and velocity (cm/s) of the arterial wall during the cardiac cycle. These deformation values were obtained in native and third-generation drug-eluting stented artery segments.
RESULTS
A total of 20 coronary artery segments were independently analyzed pre and poststent implantation for a total of 40 IVUS runs. Stent implantation impacted the degree of radial deformation and velocity. Mean radial deformation in native coronary arteries was 0.1230 mm ± 0.0522 mm compared to 0.0775 mm ± 0.0376 mm in stented vessels (=0.0031). Mean radial velocity in native coronary arteries was 0.1194 cm/ ± 0.0535 cm/s compared to 0.0840 cm/ ± 0.0399 cm/s in stented vessels (=0.0228).
CONCLUSION
In this in vivo analysis of third-generation stents, stent implantation attenuates normal human coronary deformation during the cardiac cycle. The implications of these findings on stent failure and improved clinical outcomes require further investigation.
Topics: Coronary Angiography; Coronary Vessels; Humans; Radial Artery; Stents; Ultrasonography, Interventional
PubMed: 35401063
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5981027 -
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and... Jul 2020Peripheral artery disease is a common disorder and a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therapy is directed at reducing the risk of major adverse... (Review)
Review
Peripheral artery disease is a common disorder and a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therapy is directed at reducing the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and at ameliorating symptoms. Medical therapy is effective at reducing the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke to which these patients are prone but is inadequate in relieving limb-related symptoms, such as intermittent claudication, rest pain, and ischemic ulceration. Limb-related morbidity is best addressed with surgical and endovascular interventions that restore perfusion. Current medical therapies have only modest effects on limb blood flow. Accordingly, there is an opportunity to develop medical approaches to restore limb perfusion. Vascular regeneration to enhance limb blood flow includes methods to enhance angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and vasculogenesis using angiogenic cytokines and cell therapies. We review the molecular mechanisms of these processes; briefly discuss what we have learned from the clinical trials of angiogenic and cell therapies; and conclude with an overview of a potential new approach based upon transdifferentiation to enhance vascular regeneration in peripheral artery disease.
Topics: Angiogenesis Inducing Agents; Animals; Arteries; Cytokines; Humans; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Recovery of Function; Regeneration; Regional Blood Flow; Stem Cell Transplantation; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32434408
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.312862 -
Interventional Neuroradiology : Journal... Dec 2022The basic pattern of arterial vascularization is highly conserved across vertebrates and develops under neuromeric rules. The hindbrain has an angioarchitecture that is... (Review)
Review
The basic pattern of arterial vascularization is highly conserved across vertebrates and develops under neuromeric rules. The hindbrain has an angioarchitecture that is homologous to that of the spinal cord, and the hindbrain vascular system can be analyzed at the longitudinal and axial structures. During development, there are two main longitudinal arteries: the longitudinal neural artery and primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis. This review discusses the basic pattern of the blood supply of the hindbrain, the development of vascularization, and the anatomical variations, with a special reference to the embryological point of view of two main longitudinal anastomoses (longitudinal neural artery and primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis). The formation of commonly observed variations, such as fenestration and duplication of the vertebrobasilar artery, or primitive trigeminal artery variant, can be explained by the partial persistence of the primitive lateral basilovertebral anastomosis. Understanding the pattern and the development of the blood supply of the hindbrain provides useful information of the various anomalies of the vertebrobasilar junction and cerebellar arteries.
Topics: Humans; Basilar Artery; Vertebral Artery; Rhombencephalon; Cerebral Arteries; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 34935534
DOI: 10.1177/15910199211063011 -
Journal of Biomechanical Engineering Feb 2018Development of a closed circulatory system requires that large arteries adapt to the mechanical demands of high, pulsatile pressure. Elastin and collagen uniquely... (Review)
Review
Development of a closed circulatory system requires that large arteries adapt to the mechanical demands of high, pulsatile pressure. Elastin and collagen uniquely address these design criteria in the low and high stress regimes, resulting in a nonlinear mechanical response. Elastin is the core component of elastic fibers, which provide the artery wall with energy storage and recoil. The integrity of the elastic fiber network is affected by component insufficiency or disorganization, leading to an array of vascular pathologies and compromised mechanical behavior. In this review, we discuss how elastic fibers are formed and how they adapt in development and disease. We discuss elastic fiber contributions to arterial mechanical behavior and remodeling. We primarily present data from mouse models with elastic fiber deficiencies, but suggest that alternate small animal models may have unique experimental advantages and the potential to provide new insights. Advanced ultrastructural and biomechanical data are constantly being used to update computational models of arterial mechanics. We discuss the progression from early phenomenological models to microstructurally motivated strain energy functions for both collagen and elastic fiber networks. Although many current models individually account for arterial adaptation, complex geometries, and fluid-solid interactions (FSIs), future models will need to include an even greater number of factors and interactions in the complex system. Among these factors, we identify the need to revisit the role of time dependence and axial growth and remodeling in large artery mechanics, especially in cardiovascular diseases that affect the mechanical integrity of the elastic fibers.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Arteries; Biomechanical Phenomena; Disease Models, Animal; Elastic Tissue; Mechanical Phenomena
PubMed: 29222533
DOI: 10.1115/1.4038704 -
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and... May 2020The large elastic arteries fulfill an important role in buffering the cyclical changes in blood pressure, which result from intermittent ventricular ejection. With aging... (Review)
Review
The large elastic arteries fulfill an important role in buffering the cyclical changes in blood pressure, which result from intermittent ventricular ejection. With aging and accrual of cardiovascular risk factors, the elastic arteries stiffen, and this process holds a number of deleterious consequences for the cardiovascular system and major organs. Indeed, arterial stiffness is now recognized as an important, independent determinant of cardiovascular disease risk. Additional, important information concerning the mechanisms underlying arterial stiffening has come from longitudinal studies of arterial stiffness. More recently, attention has focused on the role of peripheral, muscular arteries in cardiovascular disease risk prediction and, in particular, the clinical consequences of reversal of the normal gradient of arterial stiffness between central and peripheral arteries, with aging and disease.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Arteries; Cardiovascular Diseases; Elasticity; Humans; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Vascular Remodeling; Vascular Stiffness
PubMed: 32188277
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.313128 -
Circulation Journal : Official Journal... Nov 2010Arterial walls stiffen with age. The most consistent and well-reported changes are luminal enlargement with wall thickening and a reduction of elastic properties at the... (Review)
Review
Arterial walls stiffen with age. The most consistent and well-reported changes are luminal enlargement with wall thickening and a reduction of elastic properties at the level of large elastic arteries. Longstanding arterial pulsation in the central artery causes elastin fiber fatigue and fracture. Increased vascular calcification and endothelial dysfunction are also characteristic of arterial aging. These changes lead to increased pulse wave velocity, especially along central elastic arteries, and increases in systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure. Vascular aging is accelerated by coexisting cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Vascular aging is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, from atherosclerosis to target organ damage, including coronary artery disease, stroke and heart failure. Various strategies, especially controlling hypertension, show benefit in preventing, delaying or attenuating vascular aging.
Topics: Age Factors; Aging; Animals; Arteries; Cardiovascular Diseases; Elasticity; Hemodynamics; Humans; Risk Factors; Sex Factors
PubMed: 20962429
DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-0910 -
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA Mar 2021The sphenoidal artery is considered a component of the complex and dangerous arterial anastomoses of the human orbitocranial region, particularly with the advent of... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The sphenoidal artery is considered a component of the complex and dangerous arterial anastomoses of the human orbitocranial region, particularly with the advent of interventional neuroimaging. The objective of this publication was to analyze the various descriptions of the sphenoidal artery in the literature as related to relevant photographs of a dissected arterially injected fetal middle cranial fossa and orbit.
METHODS
Publications dealing with middle meningeal-ophthalmic arterial anastomoses, focusing on the sphenoidal artery, were reviewed. A relevant dissection of a fetal specimen was analyzed.
RESULTS
The literature dealing with the sphenoidal artery is at times not in agreement. The nomenclature and anatomy of its passage through the superior orbital fissure or Hyrtl canal have variable descriptions. Photographs of the skull base of a dissected arterially injected fetal specimen show bilateral prominent orbital branches of the middle meningeal arteries. These branches entered both orbits in a course similar to the diagrammatic representations of the sphenoidal artery, and give rise to several major intraorbital arteries. This study provides the only photographic image in the literature of this variation in a human fetal anatomic dissection.
CONCLUSIONS
Review of the literature dealing with the sphenoidal artery shows inconsistent nomenclature and conflicting descriptions of its anastomotic connections, and varying evolutionary and embryologic theories. Analysis of the dissected fetal skull base indicates that the sphenoidal artery is not a distinct artery but just a middle meningeal orbital arterial branch, an important component of the complex and dangerous arterial anastomoses of the human orbitocranial region.
Topics: Cranial Fossa, Middle; Dissection; Fetus; Humans; Meningeal Arteries; Ophthalmic Artery; Orbit; Sphenoid Bone
PubMed: 33481129
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-020-02663-9 -
Cell and Tissue Research Jan 2009Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner lining of all blood vessels from the largest artery and veins, viz., the aorta and venae cavae, respectively, to the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner lining of all blood vessels from the largest artery and veins, viz., the aorta and venae cavae, respectively, to the capillaries that connect the arterial and venous systems. Because these two major conducting systems of the cardiovasculature differ functionally, it is not surprising that the physical makeup of arteries and veins, including the ECs that line their lumina, are also distinct. Although few would argue that the local environment contributes to the differences between arteries and veins, recent evidence has shown that the specification of arterial and venous identity is largely genetically determined.
Topics: Animals; Arteries; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Organ Specificity; Veins
PubMed: 18972135
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0706-5 -
Folia Morphologica 2023The petrosal artery supplies several structures at the skull base and is often the focus of various neurointerventional procedures. Therefore, knowledge of its anatomy... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The petrosal artery supplies several structures at the skull base and is often the focus of various neurointerventional procedures. Therefore, knowledge of its anatomy and variations is important to surgeons and interventionalists.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty latex injected cadaveric heads (40 sides) underwent microsurgical dissection of the petrosal artery. Documentation of the course of the artery and its branches were made. Measurements of the petrosal artery's length and diameter were performed using microcallipers.
RESULTS
A petrosal artery was identified on all sides. The mean length and diameter of the artery within the middle cranial fossa was 2.4 cm and 0.38 mm, respectively. Branches included the following: dural, ganglionic, V3 branches, branches extending through the foramen ovale, branches directly to the greater petrosal and lesser petrosal nerves, branches to the floor of the hiatus of the greater and lesser petrosal nerves, branch to the arcuate eminence, and superior tympanic artery. No statistically significant differences were noted between male and female specimens, but right-sided petrosal arteries were in general, larger in diameter than left sides.
CONCLUSIONS
A thorough anatomical knowledge of the petrosal artery and to its relationship to the facial nerve and other neurovascular structures is necessary to facilitate effective endovascular treatment and to preclude facial nerve complications.
Topics: Meningeal Arteries; Skull Base; Humans; Cadaver; Facial Nerve; Endovascular Procedures
PubMed: 35692114
DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2022.0056