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The North American Medico-chirurgical... May 1859
PubMed: 38079837
DOI: No ID Found -
The Indian Medical Gazette Jul 1885
PubMed: 29001228
DOI: No ID Found -
The Indian Medical Gazette May 1876
PubMed: 28997803
DOI: No ID Found -
The North-Western Medical and Surgical... Feb 1857
PubMed: 37320755
DOI: No ID Found -
Forensic Science International Oct 2012Although proprietary medicines and decoction of processed aconite roots are the most widely used, tincture accounts for the great majority of aconite poisoning cases in... (Review)
Review
Although proprietary medicines and decoction of processed aconite roots are the most widely used, tincture accounts for the great majority of aconite poisoning cases in China, indicating that it is much more toxic than other formulations. Aconite tincture is often self-prepared at home and raw aconite plants or roots are often used. Even if processed aconite roots were used to make the tincture, the amount of Aconitum alkaloids is highly variable, depending on the adequacy of processing and quality control. Aconitum alkaloids dissolve efficiently in alcohol. For these reasons, tincture contains very high concentrations of Aconitum alkaloids. Despite its high intrinsic toxicity, overdose of aconite tincture by the users has been common. Severe aconite poisoning can be complicated by fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmias and asystole. The public should be repeatedly warned of the danger of taking aconite tincture by mouth.
Topics: Aconitum; Alkaloids; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Humans; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots
PubMed: 22469654
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.02.026 -
Pharmaceutics Mar 2022Arnica tincture is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat blunt injuries, e.g., bruises and squeezes. In addition, a potential new use in the treatment of cutaneous...
Arnica tincture is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat blunt injuries, e.g., bruises and squeezes. In addition, a potential new use in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis is currently under investigation. Therefore, detailed information about the dermal absorption of the tincture and especially its bioactive constituents, sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) of the helenalin- and 11α,13-dihydrohelenalin type, is mandatory. Consequently, this article reports on dermal absorption studies of Arnica tincture using diffusion cells and porcine skin as well as two human skin samples with different permeability. The amounts of STLs on the skin surfaces, in skin extracts and in the receptor fluids were quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). It was found that Arnica STLs permeated into the receptor fluid already 4 h after the application, but the amount was rather low. Within 48 h, a maximum of 8.4%, 14.6% and 36.4% of STLs permeated through porcine skin, human skin A (trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) = 11.518 g·m·h) and the more permeable human skin B (TEWL = 17.271 g·m·h), respectively. The majority of STLs was absorbed (penetrated into the skin; 97.6%, 97.8% and 99.3%) after 48 h but a huge portion could not be extracted from skin and is expected to be irreversibly bound to skin proteins. To better visualize the analytes in different skin layers, a fluorescence-labeled STL, helenalin 3,4-dimethoxycinnamate, was synthesized. Fluorescence microscopic images depict an accumulation of the fluorescent derivative in the epidermis. For the treatment of local, cutaneous complaints, an enrichment of the bioactive substances in the skin may be considered beneficial.
PubMed: 35456576
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040742 -
The Indian Medical Gazette Aug 1876
PubMed: 28997696
DOI: No ID Found -
The Chicago Medical Journal May 1860
PubMed: 37411525
DOI: No ID Found -
Ceska a Slovenska Farmacie : Casopis... 2023Fridrich Jakub Fuker (1749-1805), a physician from Košice, is the author of works on medical topics, as well as works on social life. In addition to his medical...
Fridrich Jakub Fuker (1749-1805), a physician from Košice, is the author of works on medical topics, as well as works on social life. In addition to his medical practice, he also owned a pharmacy, and his short work on a universal preventive tincture is related to this. The author argues that there is no universal medicine, but it is possible to prepare a universal preventive preparation suitable for everyone, every age and sex. Fuker has announced that he will prepare such a tincture, available in his pharmacy, along with information on its use. However, he did not divulge its composition, as supposedly, any physician knowledgeable in the matter would figure it out on his own. With the universal tincture, Fuker abandoned rational medicine, perhaps suffering from involutional depression or acting as a salesman.
Topics: Humans; Male; Pharmacies; History, 19th Century; History, 18th Century; Physicians; Slovakia
PubMed: 37648430
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2020Saponins are secondary metabolites from plants added to shampoos and beverages to make them foam, and the sapogenins released from them upon acid hydrolysis are commonly...
BACKGROUND
Saponins are secondary metabolites from plants added to shampoos and beverages to make them foam, and the sapogenins released from them upon acid hydrolysis are commonly used as starting materials for steroidal drugs. However, current methods embed the saponin in a thick "gum" material consisting of multiple impurities. This gum limits access to the saponin, reducing the efficiency of hydrolysis and requiring large amounts of heat, organic solvents and effort to recover the sapogenin. For centuries, herbalists have been making tinctures by soaking plant materials at room temperature, in mixtures of alcohol and water. Many herbal tinctures contain saponins floating freely in solution, gum free. The saponin from sarsaparilla (Smilax spp), sarsasaponin, yields the sapogenin, sarsasapogenin, upon acid hydrolysis. The retail price of sarsasapogenin is very high but would be lower if the "gum problem" could be avoided.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We incubated sarsaparilla tincture under different conditions of temperature, acidity and duration then used quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) to measure the amount of sarsasapogenin produced by hydrolysis as well as the amount of its epimer, smilagenin.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Most, if not all the sarsasaponin in sarsaparilla root powder is extracted into a solution of 45% ethanol (55% water) at room temperature and stays suspended without formation of any particles (gum). Acid hydrolysis of the saponin in this solution is very efficient, approaching 100%. The sarsasapogenin released by hydrolysis and the smilagenin produced by its epimerisation, migrate into the chloroform phase.
CONCLUSION
Sarsaparilla saponin diffuses into and disperses in a solution of alcohol:water (45:55) at room temperature. Hydrolysis of saponins in tincture provides a simple, inexpensive and environmentally friendly alternative.
Topics: Acids; Hydrolysis; Plant Roots; Sapogenins; Saponins; Secondary Metabolism; Smilax
PubMed: 33382809
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244654