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Australian Journal of General Practice Oct 2019Tinea is a common fungal infection that can affect the skin, nails and hair. Tinea infection has a variety of clinical manifestations and affects all age groups,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Tinea is a common fungal infection that can affect the skin, nails and hair. Tinea infection has a variety of clinical manifestations and affects all age groups, ranging from tinea pedis in adults to tinea capitis in pre-pubertal children.
OBJECTIVE
This article provides an updated overview of the common clinical manifestations and practical approaches to the diagnosis and management of tinea infections.
DISCUSSION
While tinea may be suspected on the basis of clinical grounds, it is important to be aware of the various conditions considered in the differential diagnosis that may mimic tinea infections. Topical and systemic antifungal modalities are available and are selected on the basis of the subtypes and severity of tinea infection. Untreated, tinea can cause significant morbidity and predispose to complications, including cellulitis and ulcers on the feet and alopecia on the scalp.
Topics: Alopecia; Antifungal Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Laser Therapy; Secondary Prevention; Tinea
PubMed: 31569324
DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-05-19-4930 -
American Family Physician Nov 2014Tinea infections are caused by dermatophytes and are classified by the involved site. The most common infections in prepubertal children are tinea corporis and tinea...
Tinea infections are caused by dermatophytes and are classified by the involved site. The most common infections in prepubertal children are tinea corporis and tinea capitis, whereas adolescents and adults are more likely to develop tinea cruris, tinea pedis, and tinea unguium (onychomycosis). The clinical diagnosis can be unreliable because tinea infections have many mimics, which can manifest identical lesions. For example, tinea corporis can be confused with eczema, tinea capitis can be confused with alopecia areata, and onychomycosis can be confused with dystrophic toenails from repeated low-level trauma. Physicians should confirm suspected onychomycosis and tinea capitis with a potassium hydroxide preparation or culture. Tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis generally respond to inexpensive topical agents such as terbinafine cream or butenafine cream, but oral antifungal agents may be indicated for extensive disease, failed topical treatment, immunocompromised patients, or severe moccasin-type tinea pedis. Oral terbinafine is first-line therapy for tinea capitis and onychomycosis because of its tolerability, high cure rate, and low cost. However, kerion should be treated with griseofulvin unless Trichophyton has been documented as the pathogen. Failure to treat kerion promptly can lead to scarring and permanent hair loss.
Topics: Adolescent; Antifungal Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Foot Dermatoses; Hand Dermatoses; Humans; Onychomycosis; Scalp Dermatoses; Tinea; Tinea Pedis
PubMed: 25403034
DOI: No ID Found -
Revista Chilena de Pediatria Oct 2020Tinea capitis (TC) is a dermatophyte infection with a high prevalence in the pediatric population. Its epidemiology has changed in recent decades due to increasing... (Review)
Review
Tinea capitis (TC) is a dermatophyte infection with a high prevalence in the pediatric population. Its epidemiology has changed in recent decades due to increasing population migration worldwide. Environmental and host-specific risk factors have been identified which are with the development of this infection. The clinical manifestations are variable and depend on the causal agent. Dermatosco- py and Wood's lamp are useful tools for the diagnostic approach; however, the confirmation of in fection is based on mycological tests. The identification of the causal agent allows guiding the appro priate antifungal treatment, which is specific and safe in the pediatric population. Treatment focuses on systemic antifungal therapy combined with local measures. The objective of this paper is to carry out an updated review of the clinical and therapeutic approach to TC in the pediatric population.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermoscopy; Diagnosis, Differential; Global Health; Humans; Prevalence; Tinea Capitis
PubMed: 33399644
DOI: 10.32641/rchped.vi91i5.1345 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Jul 2013Dermatophytosis, usually caused by Microsporum canis, is the most common fungal infection in cats worldwide, and one of the most important infectious skin diseases in... (Review)
Review
OVERVIEW
Dermatophytosis, usually caused by Microsporum canis, is the most common fungal infection in cats worldwide, and one of the most important infectious skin diseases in this species. Many adult cats are asymptomatic carriers. Severe clinical signs are seen mostly in kittens or immunosuppressed adults. Poor hygiene is a predisposing factor, and the disease may be endemic in shelters or catteries. Humans may be easily infected and develop a similar skin disease.
INFECTION
Infectious arthrospores produced by dermatophytes may survive in the environment for about a year. They are transmitted through contact with sick cats or healthy carriers, but also on dust particles, brushes, clothes and other fomites.
DISEASE SIGNS
Circular alopecia, desquamation and sometimes an erythematous margin around central healing ('ringworm') are typical. In many cats this is a self-limiting disease with hair loss and scaling only. In immunosuppressed animals, the outcome may be a multifocal or generalised skin disease.
DIAGNOSIS
Wood's lamp examination and microscopic detection of arthrospores on hairs are simple methods to confirm M canis infection, but their sensitivity is relatively low. The gold standard for detection is culture on Sabouraud agar of hairs and scales collected from new lesions.
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
In shelters and catteries eradication is difficult. Essential is a combination of systemic and topical treatments, maintained for several weeks. For systemic therapy itraconazole is the drug of choice, terbinafine an alternative. Recommended topical treatment is repeated body rinse with an enilconazole solution or miconazole with or without chlorhexidine. In catteries/shelters medication must be accompanied by intensive decontamination of the environment.
VACCINATION
Few efficacy studies on anti-M canis vaccines (prophylactic or therapeutic) for cats have been published, and a safe and efficient vaccine is not available.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Tinea
PubMed: 23813824
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X13489222 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2023Trichophyton tonsurans infection has been prevalent among individuals involved in contact sports in Japan since about 2000. The present review focuses on its diagnosis,... (Review)
Review
Trichophyton tonsurans infection has been prevalent among individuals involved in contact sports in Japan since about 2000. The present review focuses on its diagnosis, molecular epidemiology, drug susceptibility, and infection control. The most commonly observed lesions of T. tonsurans, an anthropogenic dermatophyte, are tinea corporis and tinea capitis. However, the presence of asymptomatic carriers must be considered for infection control. Genotypic epidemiology using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) in the non-transcribed spacer (NTS) region of the ribosomal RNA gene showed a lack of diversity of genotypes, and only the NTS I genotype is detected at present. In regard to drug susceptibility, terbinafine drug resistance has not been found to be associated with the RFLP genotypes, and it is assumed that there are no terbinafine-resistant strains in Japan. T. tonsurans coexisted with other fungi and bacteria in the scalp of asymptomatic carriers without affecting species diversity. T. tonsurans is an anthropogenic dermatophyte and may be difficult for the human immune system to eliminate. During an infection outbreak, screening of infection and treatment including asymptomatic carriers are essential to eradicate the infection.
Topics: Humans; Tinea; Tinea Capitis; Genotype
PubMed: 37648498
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.23-001 -
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Tinea
PubMed: 37783500
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.90a.23002 -
Indian Pediatrics Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Tinea
PubMed: 37950481
DOI: No ID Found -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas Mar 2008Tinea capitis is a widespread scalp infection in children caused by dermatophytes. In fact, it is the most common cutaneous mycosis in children but is uncommon in... (Review)
Review
Tinea capitis is a widespread scalp infection in children caused by dermatophytes. In fact, it is the most common cutaneous mycosis in children but is uncommon in adults. The disease has been major public health concern for decades. Some factors implicated in infection include poor personal hygiene, crowded living conditions, and low socioeconomic status. It can be caused by any pathogenic dermatophyte except for Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton concentricum. Trichophyton rubrum, the most commonly isolated dermatophyte worldwide, is rarely the causative agent of this infection. Tinea capitis is a classic example of the changing geographic patterns of dermatophytosis. In developed countries, Trichophyton tonsurans is the most common causative agent, whereas in developing countries such as Mexico, the most common agent is Microsporum canis followed by Trichophyton tonsurans. The increasing incidence of tinea capitis warranted a review of the current literature and treatment strategies.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Humans; Tinea Capitis
PubMed: 18346430
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the American Board of Family... 2022Plantar dermatoses (PD) are common, occurring either spontaneously on healthy skin or developing secondarily from previously established foot disease. PD share similar... (Review)
Review
Plantar dermatoses (PD) are common, occurring either spontaneously on healthy skin or developing secondarily from previously established foot disease. PD share similar symptoms and morphology, making them challenging to differentiate. A few of the most frequently encountered PD include tinea pedis, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic dermatitis (or recurrent vesicular palmoplantar dermatitis), and juvenile plantar dermatosis. This review offers practical advice for diagnosing and treating the most common PD in the primary care office.
Topics: Humans; Tinea Pedis
PubMed: 35379733
DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2022.02.200410 -
Mycopathologia Feb 2017Tinea capitis remains a common childhood infection in many parts of the world. Yet knowledge of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and the development of effective... (Review)
Review
Tinea capitis remains a common childhood infection in many parts of the world. Yet knowledge of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and the development of effective immunity have shown striking advances, and new methods of diagnosis ranging from dermoscopy to molecular laboratory tests have been developed even though they have not been assimilated into routine practice in many centres. Treatment is effective although it needs to be given for at least 1 month. What is missing, however, is a systematic approach to control through case ascertainment and therapy.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Global Health; Humans; Tinea Capitis
PubMed: 27599708
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0058-8