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The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jun 2016Management of rotator cuff disease may include use of electrotherapy modalities (also known as electrophysical agents), which aim to reduce pain and improve function via... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Management of rotator cuff disease may include use of electrotherapy modalities (also known as electrophysical agents), which aim to reduce pain and improve function via an increase in energy (electrical, sound, light, or thermal) into the body. Examples include therapeutic ultrasound, low-level laser therapy (LLLT), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF). These modalities are usually delivered as components of a physical therapy intervention. This review is one of a series of reviews that form an update of the Cochrane review, 'Physiotherapy interventions for shoulder pain'.
OBJECTIVES
To synthesise available evidence regarding the benefits and harms of electrotherapy modalities for the treatment of people with rotator cuff disease.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2015, Issue 3), Ovid MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2015), Ovid EMBASE (January 1980 to March 2015), CINAHL Plus (EBSCOhost, January 1937 to March 2015), ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO ICTRP clinical trials registries up to March 2015, unrestricted by language, and reviewed the reference lists of review articles and retrieved trials, to identify potentially relevant trials.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomised trials, including adults with rotator cuff disease (e.g. subacromial impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tendinitis, calcific tendinitis), and comparing any electrotherapy modality with placebo, no intervention, a different electrotherapy modality or any other intervention (e.g. glucocorticoid injection). Trials investigating whether electrotherapy modalities were more effective than placebo or no treatment, or were an effective addition to another physical therapy intervention (e.g. manual therapy or exercise) were the main comparisons of interest. Main outcomes of interest were overall pain, function, pain on motion, patient-reported global assessment of treatment success, quality of life and the number of participants experiencing adverse events.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, extracted the data, performed a risk of bias assessment and assessed the quality of the body of evidence for the main outcomes using the GRADE approach.
MAIN RESULTS
We included 47 trials (2388 participants). Most trials (n = 43) included participants with rotator cuff disease without calcification (four trials included people with calcific tendinitis). Sixteen (34%) trials investigated the effect of an electrotherapy modality delivered in isolation. Only 23% were rated at low risk of allocation bias, and 49% were rated at low risk of both performance and detection bias (for self-reported outcomes). The trials were heterogeneous in terms of population, intervention and comparator, so none of the data could be combined in a meta-analysis.In one trial (61 participants; low quality evidence), pulsed therapeutic ultrasound (three to five times a week for six weeks) was compared with placebo (inactive ultrasound therapy) for calcific tendinitis. At six weeks, the mean reduction in overall pain with placebo was -6.3 points on a 52-point scale, and -14.9 points with ultrasound (MD -8.60 points, 95% CI -13.48 to -3.72 points; absolute risk difference 17%, 7% to 26% more). Mean improvement in function with placebo was 3.7 points on a 100-point scale, and 17.8 points with ultrasound (mean difference (MD) 14.10 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.39 to 22.81 points; absolute risk difference 14%, 5% to 23% more). Ninety-one per cent (29/32) of participants reported treatment success with ultrasound compared with 52% (15/29) of participants receiving placebo (risk ratio (RR) 1.75, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.53; absolute risk difference 39%, 18% to 60% more). Mean improvement in quality of life with placebo was 0.40 points on a 10-point scale, and 2.60 points with ultrasound (MD 2.20 points, 95% CI 0.91 points to 3.49 points; absolute risk difference 22%, 9% to 35% more). Between-group differences were not important at nine months. No participant reported adverse events.Therapeutic ultrasound produced no clinically important additional benefits when combined with other physical therapy interventions (eight clinically heterogeneous trials, low quality evidence). We are uncertain whether there are differences in patient-important outcomes between ultrasound and other active interventions (manual therapy, acupuncture, glucocorticoid injection, glucocorticoid injection plus oral tolmetin sodium, or exercise) because the quality of evidence is very low. Two placebo-controlled trials reported results favouring LLLT up to three weeks (low quality evidence), however combining LLLT with other physical therapy interventions produced few additional benefits (10 clinically heterogeneous trials, low quality evidence). We are uncertain whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is more or less effective than glucocorticoid injection with respect to pain, function, global treatment success and active range of motion because of the very low quality evidence from a single trial. In other single, small trials, no clinically important benefits of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF), microcurrent electrical stimulation (MENS), acetic acid iontophoresis and microwave diathermy were observed (low or very low quality evidence).No adverse events of therapeutic ultrasound, LLLT, TENS or microwave diathermy were reported by any participants. Adverse events were not measured in any trials investigating the effects of PEMF, MENS or acetic acid iontophoresis.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Based on low quality evidence, therapeutic ultrasound may have short-term benefits over placebo in people with calcific tendinitis, and LLLT may have short-term benefits over placebo in people with rotator cuff disease. Further high quality placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm these results. In contrast, based on low quality evidence, PEMF may not provide clinically relevant benefits over placebo, and therapeutic ultrasound, LLLT and PEMF may not provide additional benefits when combined with other physical therapy interventions. We are uncertain whether TENS is superior to placebo, and whether any electrotherapy modality provides benefits over other active interventions (e.g. glucocorticoid injection) because of the very low quality of the evidence. Practitioners should communicate the uncertainty of these effects and consider other approaches or combinations of treatment. Further trials of electrotherapy modalities for rotator cuff disease should be based upon a strong rationale and consideration of whether or not they would alter the conclusions of this review.
Topics: Adult; Diathermy; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Humans; Magnetic Field Therapy; Middle Aged; Muscular Diseases; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rotator Cuff; Shoulder Pain; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation; Ultrasonic Therapy
PubMed: 27283591
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012225 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Feb 2011Fenoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), available in several different countries, but not widely used. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Fenoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), available in several different countries, but not widely used.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the efficacy of single dose oral fenoprofen in acute postoperative pain, and associated adverse events.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Oxford Pain Relief Database for studies to December 2010.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Single oral dose, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of fenoprofen for relief of established moderate to severe postoperative pain in adults.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Studies were assessed for methodological quality and data extracted by two review authors independently. Summed total pain relief (TOTPAR) or pain intensity difference (SPID) over 4 to 6 hours was used to calculate the number of participants achieving at least 50% pain relief. These derived results were used to calculate, with 95% confidence intervals, the relative benefit compared to placebo, and the number needed to treat (NNT) for one participant to experience at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours. Numbers of participants using rescue medication over specified time periods, and time to use of rescue medication, were sought as additional measures of efficacy. Information on adverse events and withdrawals was collected.
MAIN RESULTS
Five studies (696 participants) met the inclusion criteria; 24 participants were treated with fenoprofen 12.5 mg, 23 with fenoprofen 25 mg, 79 with fenoprofen 50 mg, 78 with fenoprofen 100 mg, 146 with fenoprofen 200 mg, 55 with fenoprofen 300 mg, 43 with zomepirac 100 mg, 30 with morphine 8 mg, 77 with codeine 60 mg, and 141 with placebo. Participants had pain following third molar extraction, laparoscopy, minor day surgery and episiotomy. The NNT for at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours with a single dose of fenoprofen 200 mg compared to placebo was 2.3 (1.9 to 3.0). There were insufficient data to analyse other doses or active comparators, time to use of rescue medication, or numbers of participants needing rescue medication. There was no difference in numbers of participants experiencing any adverse events between fenoprofen 200 mg and placebo. No serious adverse events or adverse event withdrawals were reported in these studies.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Oral fenoprofen 200 mg is effective at treating moderate to severe acute postoperative pain, based on limited data for at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours. Efficacy of other doses, other efficacy outcomes, and safety and tolerability could not be assessed.
Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Codeine; Fenoprofen; Humans; Morphine; Pain, Postoperative; Tolmetin
PubMed: 21328296
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007556.pub2 -
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and... Dec 2021Novel tolmetin derivatives to were designed, synthesised, and evaluated for antiproliferative activity by NCI (USA) against a panel of 60 tumour cell lines. The...
Novel tolmetin derivatives to were designed, synthesised, and evaluated for antiproliferative activity by NCI (USA) against a panel of 60 tumour cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of the most active tolmetin derivatives and was examined against HL-60, HCT-15, and UO-31 tumour cell lines. Compound was found to be the most potent derivative against HL-60, HCT-15, and UO-31 cell lines with IC values of 10.32 ± 0.55, 6.62 ± 0.35, and 7.69 ± 0.41 µM, respectively. Molecular modelling studies of derivative towards the VEGFR-2 active site were performed. Compound displayed high inhibitory activity against VEGFR-2 (IC = 0.20 µM). It extremely reduced the HUVECs migration potential exhibiting deeply reduced wound healing patterns after 72 h. It induced apoptosis in HCT-15 cells (52.72-fold). This evidence was supported by an increase in the level of apoptotic caspases-3, -8, and -9 by 7.808-, 1.867-, and 7.622-fold, respectively. Compound arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, the ADME studies showed that compound possessed promising pharmacokinetic properties.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Design; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Humans; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tolmetin; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2
PubMed: 33896327
DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1901089 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2020Tolmetin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug being used to decrease the level of hormones which are the reasons for pain, swelling, tiredness, and stiffness for...
Tolmetin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug being used to decrease the level of hormones which are the reasons for pain, swelling, tiredness, and stiffness for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis cases. We evaluated its solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO) with the aim of drug nanonization, considering temperature and pressure variations between 120 and 400 bar and 308-338 K, in the experiments. In this way, a PVT solubility cell based on static solubility approach coupled with a simple gravimetric procedure was utilized to evaluate the solubility of tolmetin. The solubility values between 5.00 × 10 and 2.59 × 10 mol fraction were obtained for tolmetin depending on the pressure and temperature of the cell. The measured data demonstrated a direct correlation between pressure and solubility of tolmetin, while the effect of temperature was a dual effect depending on the crossover pressure (160 bar). The calculated solubility data were modeled using several semi-empirical correlations, and the fitting parameters were calculated using the experimental data via appropriate optimization method. The correlated solubility data revealed that the KJ model was the most accurate one with an average absolute relative deviation percent (AARD%) of 6.9. Moreover, the carried out self-consistency analysis utilizing these correlations illustrated great potential of these models to extrapolate the solubility of tolmetin beyond the measured conditions.
PubMed: 33177600
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76330-9 -
Canadian Family Physician Medecin de... Jan 1977The major area of new drug discoveries for the treatment of arthritis is in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIA). Unfortunately, as yet no new and safe drug of...
The major area of new drug discoveries for the treatment of arthritis is in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIA). Unfortunately, as yet no new and safe drug of major significance has appeared. Aspirin still ranks high beside the newcomers. Indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen and tolmetin are described and their roles in therapy are discussed. A further group of older drugs receiving new application in the treatment of arthritis is presented. These include penicillamine and the immunosuppressive drugs. Gold and chloroquin are also discussed to put these agents in their proper perspective.
PubMed: 21307994
DOI: No ID Found -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Mar 2011Mefenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is most often used for treating pain of dysmenorrhoea in the short term (seven days or less), as... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Mefenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is most often used for treating pain of dysmenorrhoea in the short term (seven days or less), as well as mild to moderate pain including headache, dental pain, postoperative and postpartum pain. It is widely available in many countries worldwide.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the efficacy of single dose oral mefenamic acid in acute postoperative pain, and any associated adverse events.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Oxford Pain Relief Database for studies to December 2010.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Single oral dose, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of mefenamic acid for relief of established moderate to severe postoperative pain in adults.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Studies were assessed for methodological quality and the data extracted by two review authors independently. Summed total pain relief (TOTPAR) or pain intensity difference (SPID) over 4 to 6 hours was used to calculate the number of participants achieving at least 50% pain relief. These derived results were used to calculate, with 95% confidence intervals, the relative benefit compared to placebo, and the number needed to treat (NNT) for one participant to experience at least 50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours. Numbers of participants using rescue medication over specified time periods, and time to use of rescue medication, were sought as additional measures of efficacy. Information on adverse events and withdrawals was collected.
MAIN RESULTS
Four studies with 842 participants met the inclusion criteria; 126 participants were treated with mefenamic acid 500 mg, 67 with mefenamic acid 250 mg, 197 with placebo, and 452 with lignocaine, aspirin, zomepirac or nimesulide. Participants had pain following third molar extraction, episiotomy and orthopaedic surgery. The NNT for at least 50% pain relief over 6 hours with a single dose of mefenamic acid 500 mg compared to placebo was 4.0 (2.7 to 7.1), and the NNT to prevent use of rescue medication over 6 hours was 6.5 (3.6 to 29). There were insufficient data to analyse other doses or active comparators, or numbers of participants experiencing any adverse events. No serious adverse events or adverse event withdrawals were reported in these studies.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Oral mefenamic acid 500 mg was effective at treating moderate to severe acute postoperative pain, based on limited data. Efficacy of other doses, and safety and tolerability could not be assessed.
Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Humans; Mefenamic Acid; Pain, Postoperative; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sulfonamides; Tolmetin
PubMed: 21412904
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007553.pub2 -
Pharmaceutics Apr 2022Tolmetin sodium (TLM) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs). TLM is used to treat inflammation, skeletal muscle injuries, and discomfort associated with...
Tolmetin sodium (TLM) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs). TLM is used to treat inflammation, skeletal muscle injuries, and discomfort associated with bone disorders. Because of the delayed absorption from the gastro intestinal tract (GIT), the currently available TLM dosage forms have a rather protracted start to the effect, according to pharmacokinetic studies. The aim of this study was to create a combination for TLM fast dissolving tablets (TLM-FDT) that would boost the drug's bioavailability by increasing pre-gastric absorption. The TLM-FDTs were developed using a Box-Behnken experimental design with varied doses of crospovidone (CP), croscarmellose sodium (CCS) as super-disintegrants, and camphor as a sublimating agent. In addition, the current study used response surface approach to explore the influence of various formulation and process factors on tablet qualities in order to verify an optimized TLM-FDTs formulation. The optimized TLM-FDTs formula was subsequently evaluated for its in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. TLM-FDTs have good friability, disintegration time, drug release, and wetting time, as well as fast disintegration and dissolution behavior. Significant increase in drug bioavailability and reliable anti-inflammatory efficacy were also observed, as evidenced by considerable reductions in paw thickness in rats following carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. For optimizing and analyzing the effect of super-disintegrants and sublimating agents in the TLM-FDTs formula, the three-factor, three-level full factorial design is a suitable tool. TLM-FDTs are a possible drug delivery system for enhancing TLM bioavailability and could be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
PubMed: 35456714
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040880 -
The Journal of Emergency Medicine 1996Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, available in both oral and parenteral forms, that possesses significant analgesic potency. Its analgesic efficacy has... (Review)
Review
Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, available in both oral and parenteral forms, that possesses significant analgesic potency. Its analgesic efficacy has been studied extensively for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain in many clinical settings. Although ketorolac possesses significant analgesic potency, it has limited utility as an analgesic for the acute treatment of moderate-to-severe pain in the emergency department. Oral ketorolac has been shown to provide analgesia that is the same or better than aspirin, acetaminophen, and dextropropoxyphene with acetaminophen, and equal analgesia to most other commonly available oral analgesics, including ibuprofen and acetaminophen with codeine. Intramuscular ketorolac provides analgesia equivalent to commonly used doses of meperidine and morphine. However, its utility in acute pain, when rapid relief is necessary, is limited due to a prolonged onset to analgesic action (30-60 min) and a significant number of patients who exhibit little or no response, more than 25% in most studies. The use of intravenous ketorolac has been less well studied. It has analgesic potency but its utility in patients with moderate-to-severe pain is also limited because there is a significant percentage of patients who fail to obtain adequate relief. Ketorolac may be most useful in supplementing parenteral opiates.
Topics: Acute Disease; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Humans; Ketorolac; Pain; Tolmetin; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 8655940
DOI: 10.1016/0736-4679(95)02052-7