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Infectious Disorders Drug Targets Aug 2012Acute tonsillitis is an inflammatory process of the tonsillar tissues and is usually infectious in nature. Acute infections of the palatine tonsils predominantly occur... (Review)
Review
Acute tonsillitis is an inflammatory process of the tonsillar tissues and is usually infectious in nature. Acute infections of the palatine tonsils predominantly occur in school-aged children, but patients of any age may be affected. Tonsillitis of viral origin is usually treated with supportive care. Bacterial tonsillitis is most commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Polymicrobial infections and viral pathogens are also important sources of infection. Penicillins remain the treatment of choice for S. pyogenes tonsillitis, and augmented aminopenicillins have gained utility in concert with the increasing incidence of beta-lactamase producing bacteria. We describe the anatomic features and the immunologic function of the palatine tonsils, including a detailed discussion of history and physical examination findings, treatment recommendations, and possible complications of acute tonsillitis. Establishing an accurate diagnosis and initiating appropriate treatment are key components of managing this common pathologic process.
Topics: Acute Disease; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 22338587
DOI: 10.2174/187152612801319230 -
JAMA Otolaryngology-- Head & Neck... Mar 2015Helicobacter pylori colonization contributes significantly to multiple disease states, but its role in the development of tonsillar infection is unclear. Understanding... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
IMPORTANCE
Helicobacter pylori colonization contributes significantly to multiple disease states, but its role in the development of tonsillar infection is unclear. Understanding the causes of chronic tonsillitis is important in clinical decision making of this commonly treated disease.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the correlation between H pylori colonization of tonsillar tissue in chronic tonsillitis and in noninfectious hyperplastic tonsils.
DATA SOURCES
We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Trial Registry (through June 2014) and relevant article bibliographies.
STUDY SELECTION
Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the correlation between H pylori colonization in tonsillar tissues of patients undergoing tonsillectomy for either chronic tonsillitis or noninfectious causes. Included studies hypothesized that H pylori played a role in the development of chronic tonsillitis. All included studies investigated the presence of H pylori in tonsillar tissue removed for various indications. Included studies must have used an accepted method of testing for H pylori.
DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS
Studies were systematically reviewed by 2 independent reviewers for inclusion. Reported results of H pylori testing between tissues removed for infectious or noninfectious causes were systematically reviewed. The odds ratio of Hpylori colonization in tissue removed for chronic tonsillitis compared with tissue removed for noninfectious causes was calculated using a random-effects model.
RESULTS
Six studies met inclusion criteria and had suitable data for pooling (n = 436). Of these, 2 studies measured H pylori colonization of tonsillar tissue in pediatric populations. One study analyzed tissue in both adult and pediatric populations. Noninfectious indications for tonsillectomy included sleep apnea or sleep-related breathing disorder, obstruction, carcinoma, and tonsillar hypertrophy. Overall, tonsillar H pylori colonization was found not to be significantly present more often in tissue samples removed secondary to recurrent infection rather than to noninfectious indications. The odds ratio of H pylori colonization in the tonsils of patients with chronic tonsillitis was 1.993 (95% CI, 0.909-4.371) (P = .09).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Helicobacter pylori colonization was not found to be more prevalent on tonsillar tissue with chronic or recurrent infections. The reviewed studies provide no evidence that H pylori infection plays a role in the pathogenesis or development of chronic tonsillitis.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Hyperplasia; Palatine Tonsil; Tonsillectomy; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 25541915
DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2014.3296 -
Vestnik Otorinolaringologii 2015The objective of the present study was to summarize the data of the current literature publications concerning the tonsillar biotope under the normal conditions and in... (Review)
Review
The objective of the present study was to summarize the data of the current literature publications concerning the tonsillar biotope under the normal conditions and in the course of the development of the pathological process. Specific microbiological characteristics of the potential causative agents of tonsillar pathology are considered. The structural, immunological, and genetic prerequisites for the for progress of infection are discussed with special reference to the morphological and functional changes in the tissue of palatine tonsils associated with different forms of the disease and the mechanisms underlying immunopathological conditions and metatonsillar complications.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Streptococcus pyogenes; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 26331161
DOI: 10.17116/otorino201580365-70 -
International Journal of Pediatric... Sep 2020This case report describes a case of severe hemorrhagic tonsillitis in a nine month-old child who suffered significant amount of blood loss and was emergently taken to...
This case report describes a case of severe hemorrhagic tonsillitis in a nine month-old child who suffered significant amount of blood loss and was emergently taken to operating room for control of hemorrhage. The child was brought to emergency room by mom after noticing blood around child's mouth and nose and a subsequent episode of hematemesis having awoken from sleep. Initial impression was bleeding secondary to epistaxis however a thorough bedside otolaryngology exam including flexible rhinolaryngoscopy ruled this out. Rapid pooling of blood in oropharynx, continued hemorrhage with significant blood loss and recent history of hematemesis prompted emergent intervention in operating room for endoscopy for control of hemorrhage including esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Bleeding was identified from a blood vessel at left lower tonsil pole. Although there is a description in literature of such cases, these are uncommon in the pediatric population and none has been described in a patient this young requiring emergent operative intervention. This case report discusses the diagnostic and decision making dilemma in an infant in setting of ongoing active hemorrhage and the role of multidisciplinary team management.
Topics: Endoscopy; Epistaxis; Female; Humans; Infant; Palatine Tonsil; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 32570060
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110190 -
Acta Oto-laryngologica. Supplementum 2000In recurrent tonsillitis, the tonsil core harbours numerous bacteria, some of which are pathogenic and may occur in great numbers. The most frequent bacteria are... (Review)
Review
In recurrent tonsillitis, the tonsil core harbours numerous bacteria, some of which are pathogenic and may occur in great numbers. The most frequent bacteria are Haemophilus influenzae, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. A high tissue concentration of these bacteria correlates with clinical parameters of infection and hyperplasia of the tonsils. The role of Streptococcus pyogenes, while undisputed in acute and epidemic tonsillitis, should perhaps be re-evaluated in recurrent and/or hyperplastic tonsillitis.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Humans; Hyperplasia; Palatine Tonsil; Recurrence; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 10909021
DOI: 10.1080/000164800454404 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Jul 2018Pathogenic bacteria associated with the adenoids and tonsils cause much morbidity in the paediatric population. Hyperplasia of the adenoids is associated with otitis... (Review)
Review
Pathogenic bacteria associated with the adenoids and tonsils cause much morbidity in the paediatric population. Hyperplasia of the adenoids is associated with otitis media with effusion and hyperplasia of the palatine tonsils is associated with both recurrent tonsillitis and obstructive sleep apnoea. Most current knowledge of the microbiology of the upper airways has been derived from culture-based studies, which usually reflect only a small fraction of the bacteria present on the mucosal surface. Culture-independent molecular surveys based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing are now being employed to determine the microbiota on the surface and within the tissue of adenoids and palatine tonsils. This review describes the new techniques applied in determining the microbiome and summarises the results of studies employing these techniques.
Topics: Adenoids; Child; Humans; Hypertrophy; Microbiota; Palatine Tonsil; Recurrence; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 29884749
DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135602 -
Zhurnal Ushnykh, Nosovykh I Gorlovykh... 1978
Review
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Local; Child; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Physical Therapy Modalities; Recurrence; Tonsillectomy; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 356458
DOI: No ID Found -
The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and... May 1989Histologic and bacteriologic evaluations of tonsils removed at surgery from ten patients with a diagnosis of recurrent tonsillitis were performed. The bacteriology was...
Histologic and bacteriologic evaluations of tonsils removed at surgery from ten patients with a diagnosis of recurrent tonsillitis were performed. The bacteriology was complex, with an average of 6.3 aerobic bacteria and 3.3 anaerobic bacteria isolated from each patient. Histologic sections revealed chronic cryptitis, with intact tonsillar architecture. These findings provide a possible explanation for the failure of commonly used antibiotic regimens to eradicate recurrent infection from this site.
Topics: Adolescent; Bacteria, Aerobic; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Recurrence; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 2719449
DOI: 10.1177/000348948909800503 -
Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland :... 2022The aim: To explore the morphological changes of palatine tonsil at the levels of the epithelial layer and connective tissue; to determine the relative area of the...
OBJECTIVE
The aim: To explore the morphological changes of palatine tonsil at the levels of the epithelial layer and connective tissue; to determine the relative area of the connective tissue component in the tonsillar tissue (fibrosis) in patients with recurrent tonsillitis compared to the control.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Materials and methods: This study presents a morphological assessment of the palatine tonsils of 10 people. Tonsils' material with surrounding tissue was fixed in 10% formalin solution. The samples were dehydrated in increasing ethanol concentrations, cleared in xylol, impregnated with paraffin. Microscopy was then performed with samples stained beforehand.
RESULTS
Results: In the samples of patients with recurrent tonsillitis pericapsular sclerosis was noted, along with thickening of interlobular septa and pronounced subepithelial fibrosis. A ratio of the dense connective tissue surface area to the total surface area of tonsil tissue was determined. The control group showed a statistically significant decrease in the degree of sclerosis of the tonsil stroma.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions: Multiple changes were found in the tonsils of patients with recurrent tonsillitis at the level of the epithelial layer that manifested in structural alterations. Significant and irreversible changes were also observed in the connective stroma of the tonsil - pericapsular sclerosis, thickening of interlobular septa, and pronounced subepithelial fibrosis. A statistically significant increase in the relative surface area of the connective tissue component of the tonsil (fibrosis) by a factor of 1,26 was noted in patients with recurrent tonsillitis compared to the results of the control group of patients.
Topics: Connective Tissue; Fibrosis; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Recurrence; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 35907212
DOI: 10.36740/WLek202206102 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Dec 1990
Topics: Carotid Artery Diseases; Hemorrhage; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Pharyngeal Diseases; Tonsillitis
PubMed: 2271822
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.301.6763.1233