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Dental Traumatology : Official... Aug 2020Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) of permanent teeth occur frequently in children and young adults. Crown fractures and luxations of these teeth are the most commonly... (Review)
Review
Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) of permanent teeth occur frequently in children and young adults. Crown fractures and luxations of these teeth are the most commonly occurring of all dental injuries. Proper diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow up are important for achieving a favorable outcome. Guidelines should assist dentists and patients in decision making and in providing the best care possible, both effectively and efficiently. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed these Guidelines as a consensus statement after a comprehensive review of the dental literature and working group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties and the general dentistry community were included in the working group. In cases where the published data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinions of the working group. They were then reviewed and approved by the members of the IADT Board of Directors. These Guidelines represent the best current evidence based on literature search and expert opinion. The primary goal of these Guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate or urgent care of TDIs. In this first article, the IADT Guidelines cover the management of fractures and luxations of permanent teeth. The IADT does not, and cannot, guarantee favorable outcomes from adherence to the Guidelines. However, the IADT believes that their application can maximize the probability of favorable outcomes.
Topics: Child; Dentition, Permanent; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Tooth Avulsion; Tooth Fractures; Tooth Injuries; Traumatology; Young Adult
PubMed: 32475015
DOI: 10.1111/edt.12578 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Oct 2022The term "cracked tooth" is used to describe an incomplete fracture initiated from the crown and progressing towards a subgingival direction. Despite the high prevalence... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The term "cracked tooth" is used to describe an incomplete fracture initiated from the crown and progressing towards a subgingival direction. Despite the high prevalence of cracked teeth and their frequent association with symptoms and pulpal or periapical pathoses, there is still no consensus in the literature with regard to their restorative and endodontic management. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review was to evaluate the most relevant research and provide an up-to-date comprehensive overview regarding the treatment of cracked teeth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An electronic literature search was carried out in MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase (via Ovid), Scopus, and Web of Science as well as several "Grey literature" sources up to February 22nd 2022 using a combination of pre-specified 'free-text' terms (keywords) and "subject headings." The search process was supplemented by handsearching in relevant dental journals and reference lists. This narrative review focused on clinical follow-up studies (observational or interventional studies, case series/reports), laboratory studies and systematic reviews written in English language that reported data on treatment of permanent cracked teeth. The selection of relevant studies was carried out by two reviewers (AK and DG) working independently in two consecutive stages: title/abstract screening and full-text retrieval. Any discrepancies in the study selection were resolved by discussion between the reviewers.
RESULTS
In total, 64 articles were selected for inclusion in this narrative review.
CONCLUSIONS
Cracked teeth with normal pulp or reversible pulpitis have exhibited high pulp and tooth survival rates by the provision of direct or indirect composite restorations. Besides, recent data favour monitoring, especially in the absence of symptoms or compromised tooth structure. When endodontic intervention is required, current evidence suggests that along with appropriate restorative management, outcomes of cracked teeth may be comparable to those of non-cracked root filled teeth.
Topics: Cracked Tooth Syndrome; Crowns; Dental Pulp; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Humans; Tooth Root
PubMed: 35809233
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.617 -
Pain Research & Management 2021Cracked tooth syndrome refers to a series of symptoms caused by cracked teeth. This article reviews the current literature on cracked tooth syndrome from four aspects,... (Review)
Review
Cracked tooth syndrome refers to a series of symptoms caused by cracked teeth. This article reviews the current literature on cracked tooth syndrome from four aspects, etiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention, to provide readers integrated information about this. The article begins with an introduction to the odontiatrogenic factors and then covers the noniatrogenic factors that induce cracked tooth syndrome. While the former discusses inappropriate root canal therapy and improper restorative procedures, the latter covers the topics such as the developmental and functional status of cracked tooth syndrome. This is then followed by the description of common clinical diagnosis methods, the prospects of new technologies, and summaries of current clinical management methods, including immediate management and direct and indirect restoration. In the final section, preventive methods and their importance are proposed, with the aim of educating the common population.
Topics: Cracked Tooth Syndrome; Dental Care; Humans; Root Canal Therapy
PubMed: 34956432
DOI: 10.1155/2021/3788660 -
Brazilian Oral Research Oct 2018Adhesive procedures have changed the way to restore endodontically treated teeth (ETT). It started with the shift from cast post-and-core to fiber post. The original... (Review)
Review
Adhesive procedures have changed the way to restore endodontically treated teeth (ETT). It started with the shift from cast post-and-core to fiber post. The original focus on strength also shifted towards failure modes, revealing that catastrophic failures are still a concern when restoring endodontically-treated teeth even with fiber posts. As an alternative, postless approaches have been proposed in order to improve the chances of repair. The goal of this critical review is to present a survey of the current knowledge on adhesive approaches to restore endodontically treated teeth with and without extensive coronal tissue loss. The preservation of tooth structure of endodontically treated teeth is paramount. Partial versus full coverage of ETT, the role of the ferrule, the post type effect on catastrophic failures and postless alternatives as endocrowns and postless build-ups are reviewed. There is a consensus that the remaining tooth structure plays an important role in ETT survival, although the current literature still is contradictory on the influence of post type on root fractures as well as the benefits of avoiding a post or partially restoring a tooth. More clinical studies should be carried out with the modern postless adhesive alternatives to conventional approaches.
Topics: Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Restoration Failure; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Glass; Humans; Post and Core Technique; Root Canal Therapy; Tooth Fractures; Tooth Root; Tooth, Nonvital
PubMed: 30365615
DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0074 -
Dental Traumatology : Official... Aug 2020Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) occur most frequently in children and young adults. Older adults also suffer TDIs but at significantly lower rates than individuals in... (Review)
Review
Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) occur most frequently in children and young adults. Older adults also suffer TDIs but at significantly lower rates than individuals in the younger cohorts. Luxation injuries are the most common TDIs in the primary dentition, whereas crown fractures are more commonly reported for the permanent teeth. Proper diagnosis, treatment planning and follow up are very important to assure a favorable outcome. These updates of the International Association of Dental Traumatology's (IADT) Guidelines include a comprehensive review of the current dental literature using EMBASE, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Scopus, and Cochrane Databases for Systematic Reviews searches from 1996 to 2019 and a search of the journal Dental Traumatology from 2000 to 2019. The goal of these guidelines is to provide information for the immediate or urgent care of TDIs. It is understood that some follow-up treatment may require secondary and tertiary interventions involving dental and medical specialists with experience in dental trauma. As with previous guidelines, the current working group included experienced investigators and clinicians from various dental specialties and general practice. The current revision represents the best evidence based on the available literature and expert opinions. In cases where the published data were not conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinions of the working group. They were then reviewed and approved by the members of the IADT Board of Directors. It is understood that guidelines are to be applied using careful evaluation of the specific clinical circumstances, the clinician's judgment, and the patient's characteristics, including the probability of compliance, finances and a clear understanding of the immediate and long-term outcomes of the various treatment options vs non-treatment. The IADT does not, and cannot, guarantee favorable outcomes from adherence to the Guidelines. However, the IADT believes that their application can maximize the probability of favorable outcomes.
Topics: Aged; Child; Dentition, Permanent; Humans; Tooth Avulsion; Tooth Fractures; Tooth Injuries; Tooth, Deciduous; Traumatology; Young Adult
PubMed: 32472740
DOI: 10.1111/edt.12574 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2021The need to rehabilitate severely compromised teeth is frequent in daily clinical practice. Tooth extraction and replacement with dental implant represents a common... (Review)
Review
The need to rehabilitate severely compromised teeth is frequent in daily clinical practice. Tooth extraction and replacement with dental implant represents a common treatment choice. However, the survival rate for implants is inferior to teeth, even if severely damaged but properly treated. In order to reestablish a physiological supracrestal tissue attachment of damaged teeth and to arrange an efficient ferrule effect, three options can be considered: crown lengthening, orthodontic extrusion and surgical extrusion. Crown lengthening is considered an invasive technique that causes the removal of part of the bony support, while both orthodontic and surgical extrusion can avoid this inconvenience and can be used successfully in the treatment of severely damaged teeth. The aim of the present narrative review is to compare advantages, disadvantages, time of therapy required, contraindications and complications of both techniques.
Topics: Crowns; Humans; Orthodontic Extrusion; Tooth; Tooth Fractures
PubMed: 34574454
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189530 -
European Journal of Dentistry 2015This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of cracked teeth, and explores common clinical examples of cracked teeth, such as cusp fractures, fractures into tooth... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of cracked teeth, and explores common clinical examples of cracked teeth, such as cusp fractures, fractures into tooth furcations, and root fractures. This article provides alternative definitions of terms such as cracked teeth, complete and incomplete fractures and crack lines, and explores the scientific rationale for dental terminology commonly used to describe cracked teeth, such as cracked tooth syndrome, structural versus nonstructural cracks, and vertical, horizontal, and oblique fractures. The article explains the advantages of high magnification loupes (×6-8 or greater), or the surgical operating microscope, combined with co-axial or head-mounted illumination, when observing teeth for microscopic crack lines or enamel craze lines. The article explores what biomechanical factors help to facilitate the development of cracks in teeth, and under what circumstances a full coverage crown may be indicated for preventing further propagation of a fracture plane. Articles on cracked tooth phenomena were located via a PubMed search using a variety of keywords, and via selective hand-searching of citations contained within located articles.
PubMed: 26038667
DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.156840 -
International Endodontic Journal May 2022Vertical root fracture (VRF) is a common reason for the extraction of root filled teeth. The accurate diagnosis of VRF may be challenging due to the absence of clinical... (Review)
Review
Vertical root fracture (VRF) is a common reason for the extraction of root filled teeth. The accurate diagnosis of VRF may be challenging due to the absence of clinical signs, whilst conventional radiographic assessment is often inconclusive. However, an understanding of the aetiology of VRFs, and more importantly, the key predisposing factors, is crucial in identifying teeth that may be susceptible. Thorough clinical examination with magnification and co-axial lighting is essential in identifying VRFs, and although CBCT is unable to reliably detect VRFs per se, the pattern of bone loss typically associated with VRF can be fully appreciated, and therefore, increases the probability of correct diagnosis and management. The prevalence of VRFs in root filled teeth is significantly greater than in teeth with vital pulps, demonstrating that the combination of loss of structural integrity, presence of pre-existing fractures and biochemical effects of loss of vitality is highly relevant. Careful assessment of the occlusal scheme, presence of deflective contacts and identification of parafunctional habits are imperative in both preventing and managing VRFs. Furthermore, anatomical factors such as root canal morphology may predispose certain teeth to VRF. The influence of access cavity design and root canal instrumentation protocols should be considered although the impact of these on the fracture resistance of root filled teeth is not clearly validated. The post-endodontic restoration of root filled teeth should be expedient and considerate to the residual tooth structure. Posts should be placed 'passively' and excessive 'post-space' preparation should be avoided. This narrative review aims to present the aetiology, potential predisposing factors, histopathology, diagnosis and management of VRF and present perspectives for future research. Currently, there are limited options other than extraction for the management of VRF, although root resection may be considered in multi-rooted teeth. Innovative techniques to 'repair' VRFs using both orthograde and surgical approaches require further research and validation. The prevention of VRFs is critical; identifying susceptible teeth, utilizing conservative endodontic procedures, together with expedient and appropriate post-endodontic restorative procedures is paramount to reducing the incidence of terminal VRFs.
Topics: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Humans; Root Canal Obturation; Root Canal Therapy; Tooth Fractures; Tooth Root; Tooth, Nonvital
PubMed: 35338655
DOI: 10.1111/iej.13737 -
Brazilian Oral Research Aug 2017Composites resins have become the first choice for direct anterior and posterior restorations. The great popularity is related to their esthetic appearance and reduced... (Review)
Review
Composites resins have become the first choice for direct anterior and posterior restorations. The great popularity is related to their esthetic appearance and reduced need of sound tissue removal as compared with former treatments. Several studies have demonstrated that composite restorations may last long in clinical service. In this review we discuss the factors playing a role on the long-term longevity. Composite restorations have demonstrated a good clinical performance with annual failure rates varying from 1% to 3% in posterior teeth and 1% to 5% in anterior teeth. Factors related to the patients such as caries risk and occlusal stress risk, in addition to socioeconomic factors, may affect the survival significantly. Characteristics of the clinical operators, particularly their decision making when it comes to observing or approaching an existing restoration, are decisive for longevity. Cavity features such as the number of restored walls, composite volume, and presence of endodontic treatment are of major importance and may dictate the service time of the restorative approach. The choice of restorative composite seems to have a minor effect on longevity provided that appropriate technical procedures are used. The main reasons for failure in posterior teeth are secondary caries and fracture (restoration or tooth/restoration), while in anterior teeth esthetic concerns are the main reasons leading to restoration failures. Composite resin restorations can be considered a reliable treatment as long as both the professional and the patient are aware of the factors involved in restoration failures.
Topics: Composite Resins; Dental Caries; Dental Restoration Failure; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Humans; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Tooth Fractures
PubMed: 28902236
DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2017.vol31.0056