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Ugeskrift For Laeger Mar 2014Zinc is one of the most important trace elements. Zinc deficiency is a major health problem worldwide. Causes of zinc deficiency can be nutritional, iatrogenic, genetic... (Review)
Review
Zinc is one of the most important trace elements. Zinc deficiency is a major health problem worldwide. Causes of zinc deficiency can be nutritional, iatrogenic, genetic or a result of diseases. Severe zinc deficiency results in symptoms like pustular dermatitis, alopecia, weight loss, diarrhoea, infections secondary to immune dysfunction, hypogonadism and problems in ulcer healing. Zinc supplementation is necessary in cases of zinc deficiency, but high doses zinc supplementation through a long time can result in copper deficiency or anaemia. Thus a rational use of zinc supplementation in the required time is necessary.
Topics: Humans; Trace Elements; Zinc
PubMed: 25096007
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Adequate amounts of a wide range of micronutrients are needed by body tissues to maintain health. Dietary intake must be sufficient to meet these micronutrient... (Review)
Review
Adequate amounts of a wide range of micronutrients are needed by body tissues to maintain health. Dietary intake must be sufficient to meet these micronutrient requirements. Mineral deficiency does not seem to be the result of a physically active life or of athletic training but is more likely to arise from disturbances in the quality and quantity of ingested food. The lack of some minerals in the body appears to be symbolic of the modern era reflecting either the excessive intake of empty calories or a negative energy balance from drastic weight-loss diets. Several animal studies provide convincing evidence for an association between dietary micronutrient availability and microbial composition in the gut. However, the influence of human gut microbiota on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of trace elements in human food has rarely been studied. Bacteria play a role by effecting mineral bioavailability and bioaccessibility, which are further increased through the fermentation of cereals and the soaking and germination of crops. Moreover, probiotics have a positive effect on iron, calcium, selenium, and zinc in relation to gut microbiome composition and metabolism. The current literature reveals the beneficial effects of bacteria on mineral bioaccessibility and bioavailability in supporting both the human gut microbiome and overall health. This review focuses on interactions between the gut microbiota and several minerals in sport nutrition, as related to a physically active lifestyle.
Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Calcium, Dietary; Diet; Gastrointestinal Absorption; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Micronutrients; Minerals; Probiotics; Trace Elements
PubMed: 34202712
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136803 -
Environment International Apr 2022Exposure to some conventional trace elements has been found to be associated with miscarriage; however, evidence for combined exposure is inconclusive. Therefore, it is...
BACKGROUND
Exposure to some conventional trace elements has been found to be associated with miscarriage; however, evidence for combined exposure is inconclusive. Therefore, it is important to explore the joint associations between toxic and essential trace elements and miscarriage.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study measured a wide range of element levels in the whole blood of pregnant women by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The associations between individual elements and miscarriage were appraised using logistic regression model. Multi-exposure models, including Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and weighted quantile sum regression (WQS), were used to explore the mixed exposure to elements. Furthermore, grouped weighted quantile sum (GWQS) considered multiple elements with different magnitudes and directions of associations.
RESULTS
In logistic regression, the odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) in the highest quartiles were 5.45 (2.00, 15.91) for barium, 0.28 (0.09, 0.76) for copper, and 0.32 (0.12, 0.83) for rubidium. These exposure-outcome associations were confirmed and supplemented by BKMR, which indicated a positive association for barium and negative associations for copper and rubidium. In WQS, a positive association was found between mixed elements and miscarriage (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.78), in which barium (75.7%) was the highest weighted element. The results of GWQS showed that the toxic trace element group dominated by barium was significantly associated with increased ORs (OR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.74, 4.38). Additionally, a negative association was observed between the essential trace element group and miscarriage (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.54), with rubidium contributing the most to the result.
CONCLUSIONS
As a toxic trace element, barium was positively associated with miscarriage both by individual and multiple evaluations, while essential trace elements, particularly rubidium and copper, exhibited negative associations. Our findings provide significant evidence for exploring the effects of trace elements on miscarriage.
Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Barium; Bayes Theorem; Copper; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Rubidium; Trace Elements
PubMed: 35219936
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107161 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) May 2018Molybdenum, a trace element essential for micro-organisms, plants, and animals, was discovered in 1778 by a Swedish chemist named Karl Scheele. Initially mistaken for...
Molybdenum, a trace element essential for micro-organisms, plants, and animals, was discovered in 1778 by a Swedish chemist named Karl Scheele. Initially mistaken for lead, molybdenum was named after the Greek work molybdos, meaning lead-like. In the 1930s, it was recognized that ingestion of forage with high amounts of molybdenum by cattle caused a debilitating condition. In the 1950s, the essentiality of molybdenum was established with the discovery of the first molybdenum-containing enzymes. In humans, only 4 enzymes requiring molybdenum have been identified to date: sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC). Sulfite oxidase, an enzyme found in mitochondria, catalyzes oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the final step in oxidation of sulfur amino acids (cysteine and methionine). Xanthine oxidase converts hypoxanthine to xanthine, and further converts xanthine to uric acid, preventing hypoxanthine, formed from spontaneous deamination of adenine, from leading to DNA mutations if paired with cytosine in place of thymine. Aldehyde oxidase is abundant in the liver and is an important enzyme in phase 1 drug metabolism. Finally, mARC, discovered less than a decade ago, works in concert with cytochrome b5 type B and NAD(H) cytochrome b5 reductase to reduce a variety of N-hydroxylated substrates, although the physiologic significance is still unclear. In the case of each of the molybdenum enzymes, activity is catalyzed via a tricyclic cofactor composed of a pterin, a dithiolene, and a pyran ring, called molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) (1).
Topics: Animals; Coenzymes; Cytochromes b5; Diet; Humans; Liver; Metalloproteins; Mitochondria; Molybdenum; Molybdenum Cofactors; Oxidoreductases; Pteridines; Trace Elements
PubMed: 29767695
DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmx001 -
Nutrients Jul 2018Sepsis, defined as a "life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host-response to infection" is a major health issue worldwide and still lacks a fully... (Review)
Review
Sepsis, defined as a "life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host-response to infection" is a major health issue worldwide and still lacks a fully elucidated pathobiology and uniform diagnostic tests. The trace element zinc is known to be crucial to ensure an appropriate immune response. During sepsis a redistribution of zinc from serum into the liver has been observed and several studies imply a correlation between zinc and sepsis outcome. Therefore the alterations of zinc concentrations in different tissues might serve as one part of the host's defense mechanism against pathogens during sepsis by diverse mechanisms. It has been suggested that zinc is involved in nutritional immunity, acts as a hepatoprotective agent, or a differentiation signal for innate immune cells, or supports the synthesis of acute phase proteins. Further knowledge about these events could help in the evaluation of how zinc could be optimally applied to improve treatment of septic patients. Moreover, the changes in zinc homeostasis are substantial and correlate with the severity of the disease, suggesting that zinc might also be useful as a diagnostic marker for evaluating the severity and predicting the outcome of sepsis.
Topics: Biomarkers; Homeostasis; Humans; Immunity; Liver; Protective Agents; Sepsis; Trace Elements; Zinc
PubMed: 30060473
DOI: 10.3390/nu10080976 -
Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany) Jul 2018Pediatric dialysis patients are at risk of nutritional illness secondary to deficiencies in water-soluble vitamins and trace elements. Unlike 25-OH vitamin D, most other... (Review)
Review
Pediatric dialysis patients are at risk of nutritional illness secondary to deficiencies in water-soluble vitamins and trace elements. Unlike 25-OH vitamin D, most other vitamins and trace elements are not routinely monitored in the blood and, consequently, the detection of any deficiency may not occur until significant complications develop. Causes of vitamin and trace element deficiency in patients on maintenance dialysis patient are multifactorial, ranging from diminished nutritional intake to altered metabolism as well as dialysate-driven losses of water-soluble vitamins and select trace elements. In this review we summarize the nutritional sources of key water-soluble vitamins and trace elements with a focus on the biological roles and clinical manifestations of their respective deficiency to augment awareness of potential nutritional illness in pediatric patients receiving maintenance dialysis. The limited pediatric data on the topic of clearance of water-soluble vitamins and trace elements by individual dialysis modality are reviewed, including a brief discussion on clearance of water-soluble vitamins and trace elements with continuous renal replacement therapy.
Topics: Avitaminosis; Child; Dialysis Solutions; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Nutritional Requirements; Nutritional Status; Renal Dialysis; Trace Elements; Vitamins
PubMed: 28752387
DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3751-z -
Scientific Reports Jun 2021Minerals play an important role in animal metabolism. Knowledge of mineral requirements allows well-formulated diets to be provided, which is the main factor that...
Minerals play an important role in animal metabolism. Knowledge of mineral requirements allows well-formulated diets to be provided, which is the main factor that affects performance. To determine the macromineral and trace element requirements for growth and maintenance, thirty-eight 2-month-old Santa Ines lambs with initial body weight (BW) of 13.0 ± 1.49 kg were distributed in a factorial design with feeding levels (ad libitum, 30% and 60% feed restriction) and sex classes [castrated (CM) and intact males (IM)]. The net mineral requirements for gain were higher (P < 0.05) with increasing BW and average daily gain, except for Ca and Na, which remained constant as the empty BW (EBW) increased. The macromineral net requirement for maintenance (g/kg EBW) and the true retention coefficient (k; %) were 0.0784 and 65.2 for Ca, 0.0926 and 80.0 for P, and 0.0379 and 59.0 for K, respectively. The k of Mg was higher (P < 0.05) for IM (11.3 for IM and 7.9 for CM). Sex did not affect (P > 0.05) the maintenance requirement of the trace elements Co, Cu, Zn and Cr which were 0.0015, 0.037, 0.698, and 0.0055 (mg/kg EBW), respectively. Our study indicated that the Santa Ines net mineral requirements are different from the main nutritional requirements established by committees for sheep, which may result in unbalanced diets.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Minerals; Sheep; Trace Elements
PubMed: 34112842
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91406-w -
Nutrients Apr 2023Zinc (Zn) is the second most abundant necessary trace element in the human body, exerting a critical role in many physiological processes such as cellular proliferation,... (Review)
Review
Zinc (Zn) is the second most abundant necessary trace element in the human body, exerting a critical role in many physiological processes such as cellular proliferation, transcription, apoptosis, growth, immunity, and wound healing. It is an essential catalyst ion for many enzymes and transcription factors. The maintenance of Zn homeostasis is essential for the central nervous system, in which Zn is abundantly distributed and accumulates in presynaptic vesicles. Synaptic Zn is necessary for neural transmission, playing a pivotal role in neurogenesis, cognition, memory, and learning. Emerging data suggest that disruption of Zn homeostasis is associated with several central nervous system disorders including Alzheimer's disease, depression, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. Here, we reviewed the correlation between Zn and these central nervous system disorders. The potential mechanisms were also included. We hope that this review can provide new clues for the prevention and treatment of nervous system disorders.
Topics: Humans; Zinc; Central Nervous System Diseases; Trace Elements; Multiple Sclerosis; Central Nervous System
PubMed: 37432243
DOI: 10.3390/nu15092140 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in the body. It is mainly used in the body in the form of selenoproteins and has a variety of biological functions.... (Review)
Review
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in the body. It is mainly used in the body in the form of selenoproteins and has a variety of biological functions. Intestinal diseases caused by chronic inflammation are among the most important threats to human health, and there is no complete cure at present. Due to its excellent antioxidant function, Se has been proven to be effective in alleviating intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Therefore, this paper introduces the role of Se and selenoproteins in the intestinal tract and the mechanism of their involvement in the mediation of intestinal diseases. In addition, it introduces the advantages and disadvantages of nano-Se as a new Se preparation and traditional Se supplement in the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases, so as to provide a reference for the further exploration of the interaction between selenium and intestinal health.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System; Selenium; Selenoproteins; Trace Elements
PubMed: 34769138
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111708 -
Nutrients Sep 2019During recent years, we have witnessed a growing appreciation of several micronutrients in the immune response, including vitamins and minerals [...].
During recent years, we have witnessed a growing appreciation of several micronutrients in the immune response, including vitamins and minerals [...].
Topics: Homeostasis; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Trace Elements; Zinc
PubMed: 31484386
DOI: 10.3390/nu11092078