-
Mayo Clinic Proceedings Dec 2016
Topics: Bronchi; Endoscopy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Trachea
PubMed: 27916161
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.012 -
American Journal of Physiology. Lung... Jun 2019This historical article provides a comprehensive review of early research on the structure and function of airway submucosal glands. The literature before 1950 or so, is... (Review)
Review
This historical article provides a comprehensive review of early research on the structure and function of airway submucosal glands. The literature before 1950 or so, is virtually unknown, but in addition to being of historical interest it contains much of relevance to current research. Airway glands were first mentioned in 1602. The first description of their general form, size, and distribution was in 1712. Gland morphology was determined in 1827 by injecting mercury into their openings. Wax was later used. Detailed comparative information for all regions of the tracheobronchial tree was provided by Frankenhauser in 1879 (). Histological studies began in 1870, and by the end of the 19th century, all the major histological features had been described. The first physiological studies on airway mucous secretion were published in 1892. Kokin, in 1896 ( 63: 622-630), was the first to measure secretion from individual glands. It was not, however, until 1933 that gland secretion was quantified. This early literature raises important questions as to the role of the collecting duct epithelium in modifying primary secretions. It also provides perhaps the most accurate measure of basal gland secretion in vivo.
Topics: Bronchi; Epithelium; Exocrine Glands; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Mucus; Trachea
PubMed: 30864819
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00068.2019 -
Hospital Medicine (London, England :... Jul 2000
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Larynx; Mucous Membrane; Radiography; Trachea; Tracheal Stenosis
PubMed: 11091810
DOI: 10.12968/hosp.2000.61.7.1385 -
Paediatric Anaesthesia Aug 2014
Topics: Animals; Intubation, Intratracheal; Mucous Membrane; Trachea
PubMed: 25039875
DOI: 10.1111/pan.12433 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Mar 1984
Review
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Atropine; Bronchi; Glycoproteins; Humans; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Mucous Membrane; Mucus; Trachea
PubMed: 6366031
DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90403-2 -
European Archives of... Nov 2015Total laryngectomy results in a permanent disconnection of the upper and lower airways. Thus, the upper airways are bypassed and can no longer condition, humidify, and...
Total laryngectomy results in a permanent disconnection of the upper and lower airways. Thus, the upper airways are bypassed and can no longer condition, humidify, and filter the inhaled air, leading to damage of the tracheobronchial epithelium. There is little scientific information available about the effects of tracheostoma breathing and the degree of mucosal damage in laryngectomized patients. The aims of this study were to determine the histopathologic findings and investigate the potential impact of using a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) on the tracheal epithelium in long-term tracheostomy patients. Tracheal mucosal biopsies were taken from a total of 70 patients. Specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined by a light microscope. Normal pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium was found in only 9 (12.9%) cases; while, 17 (24.3%) cases had some degree of basal cell hyperplasia. Squamous metaplasia was the most common finding (50%). Pre-invasive lesions (mild and moderate squamous dysplasia) were found in only one patient who used an HME, and in eight (11.4%) non-users. Although the HME cannot completely restore the physiological functions of the upper respiratory track, it delivers a better quality of air to the lower airways and has a positive effect on tracheal mucosa.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Air Filters; Cross-Sectional Studies; Epithelium; Female; Hot Temperature; Humans; Humidifiers; Humidity; Laryngectomy; Male; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Respiration; Trachea; Tracheostomy
PubMed: 25399353
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3396-5 -
Respiration; International Review of... 1989The airway mucus varies in amount, composition and physical properties at different levels of the airways and thus variation in types and/or degree of defence are... (Review)
Review
The airway mucus varies in amount, composition and physical properties at different levels of the airways and thus variation in types and/or degree of defence are expected. The mucus barrier, that is the barrier provided by the secretory products from the mucous membrane, comprises three compartments: the epiphase (gel layer); the hypophase (sol layer), and the glycocalyx. The epiphase is the best characterized of the three and, because of its direct contact with the external environment, is the more complex and can act as a physical, chemical and biological barrier. The hypophase and the glycocalyx barriers are less well known in terms of composition, origin, control and functions. The periciliary/sol layer, apart from providing a suitable environment for the cilia, can further dilute substances which have crossed the gel layer. The glycocalyx represents the last protective barrier for the cell membrane and is likely to play an important role in the defence of the surface epithelium. A better understanding of their origin, composition and control, both in health and disease, will help us to choose the appropriate therapeutic agent for enhancing their efficacy as natural barriers.
Topics: Bronchi; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Mucus; Trachea
PubMed: 2682866
DOI: 10.1159/000195748 -
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.... 1970
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Autopsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intubation, Intratracheal; Larynx; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Mucous Membrane; Statistics as Topic; Time Factors; Trachea; Tracheal Stenosis; Tracheotomy
PubMed: 5459079
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1969.tb00750.x -
Biomaterials Mar 2015Although several studies have been successfully undertaken of tracheal reconstruction in terms of the maintaining the framework of the graft, most cases of...
Although several studies have been successfully undertaken of tracheal reconstruction in terms of the maintaining the framework of the graft, most cases of reconstruction failure have resulted from delayed mucosal regeneration. The purposes of this study were to evaluate whether laminin-coated asymmetrically porous membrane (APM) scaffold enhances mucosal regeneration, to compare the mucosalization capability with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) seeded APM, and to determine whether laminin coating and MSC seeding has a synergistic effect on mucosal regeneration. We reconstructed the full-thickness anterior tracheal defect of 36 New Zealand White rabbits with the APM scaffold. MSCs were isolated from the rabbit's inguinal fat. The animals were divided into 4 groups by the presence of laminin coating on APM and application of MSC [Group I, -/- (laminin/MSC); Group II, -/+; Group III, +/-; Group IV, +/+]. Endoscopy and histologic evaluation were performed and the results were compared among the groups. The results showed that ciliated columnar epithelium was regenerated earlier in groups II and III than in group I. Furthermore, the application of laminin and MSC had synergistic effects on tracheal epithelial regeneration. These results demonstrate that tracheal reconstruction by laminin-coated APM seeded with MSCs is most effective in enhancing tracheal mucosalization, and appears to be promising strategy in the regenerative treatment of tracheal defects.
Topics: Animals; Cell Tracking; Cilia; Endoscopy; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Laminin; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mucous Membrane; Rabbits; Regeneration; Staining and Labeling; Trachea
PubMed: 25617133
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.12.029 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021The normal function of the airway epithelium is vital for the host's well-being. Conditions that might compromise the structure and functionality of the airway...
The normal function of the airway epithelium is vital for the host's well-being. Conditions that might compromise the structure and functionality of the airway epithelium include congenital tracheal anomalies, infection, trauma and post-intubation injuries. Recently, the onset of COVID-19 and its complications in managing respiratory failure further intensified the need for tracheal tissue replacement. Thus far, plenty of naturally derived, synthetic or allogeneic materials have been studied for their applicability in tracheal tissue replacement. However, a reliable tracheal replacement material is missing. Therefore, this study used a tissue engineering approach for constructing tracheal tissue. Human respiratory epithelial cells (RECs) were isolated from nasal turbinate, and the cells were incorporated into a calcium chloride-polymerized human blood plasma to form a human tissue respiratory epithelial construct (HTREC). The quality of HTREC in vitro, focusing on the cellular proliferation, differentiation and distribution of the RECs, was examined using histological, gene expression and immunocytochemical analysis. Histological analysis showed a homogenous distribution of RECs within the HTREC, with increased proliferation of the residing RECs within 4 days of investigation. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant increase ( < 0.05) in gene expression level of proliferative and respiratory epithelial-specific markers Ki67 and MUC5B, respectively, within 4 days of investigation. Immunohistochemical analysis also confirmed the expression of Ki67 and MUC5AC markers in residing RECs within the HTREC. The findings show that calcium chloride-polymerized human blood plasma is a suitable material, which supports viability, proliferation and mucin secreting phenotype of RECs, and this suggests that HTREC can be a potential candidate for respiratory epithelial tissue reconstruction.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Feasibility Studies; Humans; Ki-67 Antigen; Mucin 5AC; Mucous Membrane; Primary Cell Culture; Respiratory Mucosa; Tissue Engineering; Trachea
PubMed: 34771136
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216724