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International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2018In this paper, the authors review the history of the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder, from the first nonspecific sedative agents introduced in the 19th and... (Review)
Review
In this paper, the authors review the history of the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder, from the first nonspecific sedative agents introduced in the 19th and early 20th century, such as solanaceae alkaloids, bromides and barbiturates, to John Cade's experiments with lithium and the beginning of the so-called "Psychopharmacological Revolution" in the 1950s. We also describe the clinical studies and development processes, enabling the therapeutic introduction of pharmacological agents currently available for the treatment of bipolar disorder in its different phases and manifestations. Those drugs include lithium salts, valproic acid, carbamazepine, new antiepileptic drugs, basically lamotrigine and atypical antipsychotic agents (olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, asenapine, cariprazine and lurasidone). Finally, the socio-sanitary implications derived from the clinical introduction of these drugs are also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Bipolar Disorder; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Lithium; Psychopharmacology; Tranquilizing Agents
PubMed: 30041458
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072143 -
CNS Drug Reviews 2001Phenibut (beta-phenyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid HCl) is a neuropsychotropic drug that was discovered and introduced into clinical practice in Russia in the 1960s. It has... (Review)
Review
Phenibut (beta-phenyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid HCl) is a neuropsychotropic drug that was discovered and introduced into clinical practice in Russia in the 1960s. It has anxiolytic and nootropic (cognition enhancing) effects. It acts as a GABA-mimetic, primarily at GABA(B) and, to some extent, at GABA(A) receptors. It also stimulates dopamine receptors and antagonizes beta-phenethylamine (PEA), a putative endogenous anxiogenic. The psychopharmacological activity of phenibut is similar to that of baclofen, a p-Cl-derivative of phenibut. This article reviews the structure-activity relationship of phenibut and its derivatives. Emphasis is placed on the importance of the position of the phenyl ring, the role of the carboxyl group, and the activity of optical isomers. Comparison of phenibut with piracetam and diazepam reveals similarities and differences in their pharmacological and clinical effects. Phenibut is widely used in Russia to relieve tension, anxiety, and fear, to improve sleep in psychosomatic or neurotic patients; as well as a pre- or post-operative medication. It is also used in the therapy of disorders characterized by asthenia and depression, as well as in post-traumatic stress, stuttering and vestibular disorders.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Baclofen; Brain; Diazepam; Dopamine Agonists; Dyskinesias; Emotions; GABA Agonists; Humans; Mental Disorders; Nootropic Agents; Phenethylamines; Piracetam; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tranquilizing Agents; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
PubMed: 11830761
DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00211.x -
Journal of Clinical Nursing Jan 2020To identify key determinants, which lead to the decision to apply physical or chemical restraint on the critical care unit. (Review)
Review
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To identify key determinants, which lead to the decision to apply physical or chemical restraint on the critical care unit.
BACKGROUND
Psychomotor agitation and hyperactive delirium are frequently cited as clinical rationale for initiating chemical and physical restraint in critical care. Current restraint guidance is over a decade old, and wide variations in nursing and prescribing practice are evident. It is unclear whether restraint use is grounded in evidence-based practice or custom and culture.
STUDY DESIGN
Integrative review.
METHOD
Seven health sciences databases were searched to identify published and grey literature (1995-2019), with additional hand-searching. The systematic deselection process followed PRISMA guidance. Studies were included if they identified physical or chemical restraint as a method of agitation management in adult critical care units. Quality appraisal was undertaken using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Data were extracted, and thematic analysis undertaken.
RESULTS
A total of 23 studies were included. Four main themes were identified: the lack of standardised practice, patient characteristics associated with restraint use, the struggle in practice and the decision to apply restraint.
CONCLUSIONS
There are wide variations in restraint use despite the presence of international guidance. Nurses are the primary decision-makers in applying restraint and report that caring for delirious patients is physically and psychologically challenging. The decision to restrain can be influenced by the working environment, patient behaviours and clinical acuity. Enhanced clinical support and guidance for nurses caring for delirious patients is indicated.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Delirium and agitation pose a potential threat to patient safety and the maintenance of life-preserving therapies. Restraint is viewed as one method of preserving patient safety. However, use appears to be influenced by previous adverse experiences and subjective patient descriptors, rather than robust evidence-based knowledge. The need for a precise language to describe restraint and quantify when it becomes necessary is indicated.
Topics: Adult; Critical Care Nursing; Decision Making; Delirium; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Middle Aged; Physician-Nurse Relations; Psychomotor Agitation; Restraint, Physical; Tranquilizing Agents
PubMed: 31495002
DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15052 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Jan 1965
Topics: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Atropine; Barbiturates; Chlordiazepoxide; Chlorpromazine; Drug Therapy; Humans; Hypotension; Hypotension, Orthostatic; Meprobamate; Preanesthetic Medication; Promazine; Scopolamine; Thiazines; Toxicology; Tranquilizing Agents
PubMed: 14267495
DOI: No ID Found -
Fertility and Sterility 1963
Topics: Anxiety; Ejaculation; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Infertility; Infertility, Male; Male; Massage; Premature Ejaculation; Prostate; Prostatitis; Psychotherapy; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological; Tranquilizing Agents
PubMed: 14060309
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)34928-7 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Apr 1965THREE THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES HAVE PROVED EFFECTIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSIVE SYNDROMES: electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. ECT... (Review)
Review
THREE THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES HAVE PROVED EFFECTIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSIVE SYNDROMES: electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. ECT gives the most reliable and most rapid results but may be contraindicated in certain cases. Psychotherapy is limited in its application to the reactive aspects of a depression. Pharmacotherapy is currently the most widely applied treatment of depression. Two classes of drugs are available which are effective in about 60% of depressed patients: the monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic compounds. Their mechanism of action is probably related to the regulation of the biogenic amine balance in the brain. The distinction between antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs is not as sharp as was formerly assumed. Maintenance pharmacotherapy has been shown to have prophylactic value in preventing relapses.
Topics: Amitriptyline; Antidepressive Agents; Convulsive Therapy; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Desipramine; Drug Therapy; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Imipramine; Mental Disorders; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; Psychopharmacology; Psychotherapy; Toxicology; Tranquilizing Agents
PubMed: 14272501
DOI: No ID Found -
California Medicine May 1958
Topics: Humans; Psychopharmacology; Tranquilizing Agents
PubMed: 13523408
DOI: No ID Found -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Jun 2005Conventional antipsychotic drugs, used for a half century to treat a range of major psychiatric disorders, are being replaced in clinical practice by modern "atypical"... (Review)
Review
Conventional antipsychotic drugs, used for a half century to treat a range of major psychiatric disorders, are being replaced in clinical practice by modern "atypical" antipsychotics, including aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone among others. As a class, the newer drugs have been promoted as being broadly clinically superior, but the evidence for this is problematic. In this brief critical overview, we consider the pharmacology, therapeutic effectiveness, tolerability, adverse effects and costs of individual modern agents versus older antipsychotic drugs. Because of typically minor differences between agents in clinical effectiveness and tolerability, and because of growing concerns about potential adverse long-term health consequences of some modern agents, it is reasonable to consider both older and newer drugs for clinical use, and it is important to inform patients of relative benefits, risks and costs of specific choices.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Clozapine; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Psychotic Disorders
PubMed: 15967975
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.1041064 -
British Medical Journal Feb 1967
Topics: Adult; Ataxia; Carbamates; Female; Humans; Muscular Diseases; Tranquilizing Agents
PubMed: 6017496
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5536.361 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Oct 1965
Topics: Humans; Placebos; Tranquilizing Agents
PubMed: 5826626
DOI: No ID Found