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The European Respiratory Journal Jan 2017This document provides an update to the European Respiratory Society (ERS)/American Thoracic Society (ATS) technical standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake...
This document provides an update to the European Respiratory Society (ERS)/American Thoracic Society (ATS) technical standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lung that was last updated in 2005. Although both D (diffusing capacity) and T (transfer factor) are valid terms to describe the uptake of carbon monoxide in the lung, the term D is used in this document. A joint taskforce appointed by the ERS and ATS reviewed the recent literature on the measurement of D and surveyed the current technical capabilities of instrumentation being manufactured around the world. The recommendations in this document represent the consensus of the taskforce members in regard to the evidence available for various aspects of D measurement. Furthermore, it reflects the expert opinion of the taskforce members on areas in which peer-reviewed evidence was either not available or was incomplete. The major changes in these technical standards relate to D measurement with systems using rapidly responding gas analysers for carbon monoxide and the tracer gas, which are now the most common type of D instrumentation being manufactured. Technical improvements and the increased capability afforded by these new systems permit enhanced measurement of D and the opportunity to include other optional measures of lung function.
Topics: Advisory Committees; Carbon Monoxide; Europe; Humans; Linear Models; Lung; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity; Reference Values; Societies, Medical; United States
PubMed: 28049168
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00016-2016 -
Thorax Nov 1969A 61-year-old man with chronic myeloid leukaemia was treated with busulphan (Myleran). After receiving 1 g. of this drug over a period of 20 months he became dyspnoeic...
A 61-year-old man with chronic myeloid leukaemia was treated with busulphan (Myleran). After receiving 1 g. of this drug over a period of 20 months he became dyspnoeic and developed crepitations in the lungs. Two months later radiographs of the chest revealed peri-hilar infiltrates and subsequently diffuse mottling throughout both lungs. Lung function tests showed a gross impairment of the transfer factor to a quarter of the predicted normal. At necropsy the lungs showed a striking proliferation of granular pneumocytes, many of which had disintegrated to produce intra-alveolar debris, some of which showed organization by fibrous tissue. There was associated interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Electron microscopy confirmed the desquamated alveolar cells to be type II (granular) pneumocytes containing characteristic lamellar bodies. Many of these osmiophilic bodies, believed to be the source of pulmonary surfactant, had been liberated into the alveolar spaces, with the formation of phospholipid myelin figures and lattices. We think that the basic pathology of busulphan lung is a chemically induced alveolitis with proliferation of granular pneumocytes followed by fibrosis of alveolar walls and intra-alveolar contents.
Topics: Busulfan; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lung; Lung Diseases; Male; Microscopy, Electron; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Radiography; Respiratory Function Tests; Spirometry
PubMed: 5260190
DOI: 10.1136/thx.24.6.639 -
Journal of Personalized Medicine Aug 2020The number of COVID-19 patients is still growing exponentially worldwide due to the high transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Therapeutic agents currently under... (Review)
Review
The number of COVID-19 patients is still growing exponentially worldwide due to the high transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Therapeutic agents currently under investigation are antiviral drugs, vaccines, and other adjuvants that could relieve symptoms or improve the healing process. In this review, twelve therapeutic agents that could play a role in prophylaxis or improvement of the COVID-19-associated symptoms (as add-on substances) are discussed. Agents were identified based on their known pharmacologic mechanism of action in viral and/or nonviral fields and are postulated to interact with one or more of the seven known mechanisms associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus: (i) regulation of the immune system; (ii) virus entrance in the cell; (iii) virus replication; (iv) hyperinflammation; (v) oxidative stress; (vi) thrombosis; and (vii) endotheliitis. Selected agents were immune transfer factor (oligo- and polypeptides from porcine spleen, ultrafiltered at <10 kDa; Imuno TF), anti-inflammatory natural blend (, and Miodesin), zinc, selenium, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, ferulic acid, spirulina, N-acetylcysteine, glucosamine sulfate potassium hydrochloride, trans-resveratrol, and maltodextrin-stabilized orthosilicic acid (SiliciuMax). This review gives the scientific background on the hypothesis that these therapeutic agents can act in synergy in the prevention and improvement of COVID-19-associated symptoms.
PubMed: 32764275
DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030080 -
The European Respiratory Journal Oct 2021
Topics: Carbon Monoxide; Humans; Lung; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Transfer Factor
PubMed: 34737191
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01326-2021 -
Folia Biologica 2020Covid-19 or SARS-CoV-2, a new RNA virus with high infectivity, and seemingly low mutability, which appeared in 2019 in the Wuhan province of China, has created a... (Review)
Review
Covid-19 or SARS-CoV-2, a new RNA virus with high infectivity, and seemingly low mutability, which appeared in 2019 in the Wuhan province of China, has created a pandemic with dire consequences. At the end of May 2020, it became the first cause of mortality. As no treatment or vaccine may become available before many months, and because occurrence of similar pandemics is only a matter of time, arguments are presented here for testing the effect of transfer factor (TF), an immunomodulator devoid of toxicity, which has been extensively studied in the past for the treatment and prevention of viral infections.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Research Design; SARS-CoV-2; Transfer Factor
PubMed: 33069187
DOI: No ID Found -
Folia Biologica 2013Transfer factor (TF) is a low-molecular-weight lymphocyte extract capable of transferring antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to T lymphocytes. It has been... (Review)
Review
Transfer factor (TF) is a low-molecular-weight lymphocyte extract capable of transferring antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to T lymphocytes. It has been used successfully as an adjuvant or primary therapy for viral, parasitic, fungal, and some bacterial infections, as well as immunodeficiencies, neoplasias, allergies and autoimmune diseases. From the list of infections that seem to respond noticeably to transfer factor, those due to viruses of the herpes family are particularly remarkable. Indeed, for these viruses it was shown that TF can prevent infection or relapse, acting as a CMI vaccine. Data also suggest its possible use for adjuvant treatment and probably prevention of two currently widespread infections: tuberculosis and AIDS. Furthermore, TF has an interesting potential: answering the challenge from unknown pathogenic agents, a black box effect permitting production of antigen-specific TF to a new pathogen, even before its identification. It thus seems that the preventative potential of transfer factor is as important as its therapeutic one, both discussed in this review.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Disease Control; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Transfer Factor
PubMed: 23746171
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Dec 1979
Topics: Animals; Dialysis; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes; Transfer Factor
PubMed: 552465
DOI: 10.1177/014107687907201213 -
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Nov 2017Arsenic (As) accumulation in rice owing to uptake from the soil is a critical human health issue. Here, we studied the chemical properties of As-treated soils, growth...
Arsenic (As) accumulation in rice owing to uptake from the soil is a critical human health issue. Here, we studied the chemical properties of As-treated soils, growth inhibition patterns of As-stressed rice plants, changes in the As content of soil and soil solutions, and the relationship between As accumulation and As transfer factor from the soil to the rice organs. Rice plants were cultivated in a greenhouse under four concentrations of As: 0 (control), 25, 50, and 75 mg kg. A significant positive correlation was found between available PO and exchangeable K and between As concentration and available PO or exchangeable K. The As concentration for 50% shoot growth inhibition was 50 mg kg. As levels in roots and shoots were positively correlated with the growth stages of rice. The transfer factor (TF) increased with As concentration at the tillering stage but decreased at the heading stage. TF and TF were higher at the heading stage than at the tillering stage. As accumulation in the 25 mg kg treatment was higher during the heading stage, whereas no difference was found at the tillering stage. As accumulation was related to plant biomass and soil As concentration. We found that As accumulation was greater at As concentrations that allowed for plant growth and development. Thus, species-specific threshold concentrations must be determined based on As phytotoxicity for the phytoremediation of As-contaminated soils. Hence, developing practical approaches for managing safe crop production in farmlands with an As contamination of 25 mg kg or less is necessary.
Topics: Arsenic; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biomass; Environmental Monitoring; Oryza; Plant Roots; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Transfer Factor
PubMed: 29147882
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6350-3 -
British Journal of Industrial Medicine Feb 1983Two men developed pneumoconiosis after grinding and packing powdered mica. The disease was characterised by progressive dyspnoea, a restrictive impairment of...
Two men developed pneumoconiosis after grinding and packing powdered mica. The disease was characterised by progressive dyspnoea, a restrictive impairment of ventilation, a reduced transfer factor, and hypoxaemia. Radiographs showed widespread fine nodular and linear shadows. Progression occurred after cessation of exposure, but this was much more pronounced in the man who died from coronary artery disease. Postmortem examination showed widespread fine fibrosis and nodules measuring up to 1.5 cm in diameter, all related to the deposition of doubly refractile crystals. Mineral formed over 9% of dry tissue weight, and electron microscopy and x-ray analysis showed it to be muscovite. Other minerals were not found.
Topics: Adult; Aluminum Silicates; Humans; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumoconiosis; Respiratory Function Tests
PubMed: 6824595
DOI: 10.1136/oem.40.1.22 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Sep 1976Recent advances in our understanding of the pathology and prognosis of malignant melanoma make possible rationally designed immunotherapeutic studies. A number of... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in our understanding of the pathology and prognosis of malignant melanoma make possible rationally designed immunotherapeutic studies. A number of immunologic studies suggest that there may be a specific immune response to melanoma-associated antigens in patients with melanoma; however, other studies have shown lack of specificity, so this issue remains to be definitively resolved. New immunotherapeutic agents, including BCG, TF, and levamisole, among others, offer the potential for improving therapy for patients.
Topics: Antibodies, Neoplasm; Antigens, Neoplasm; BCG Vaccine; Cell Migration Inhibition; Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic; Humans; Immunotherapy; Leukocytes; Levamisole; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Melanoma; Mycobacterium bovis; Skin Tests; Transfer Factor
PubMed: 787436
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12514727