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International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023The break of the epithelial barrier of gingiva has been a subject of minor interest, albeit playing a key role in periodontal pathology, transitory bacteraemia, and... (Review)
Review
The break of the epithelial barrier of gingiva has been a subject of minor interest, albeit playing a key role in periodontal pathology, transitory bacteraemia, and subsequent systemic low-grade inflammation (LGI). The significance of mechanically induced bacterial translocation in gingiva (e.g., via mastication and teeth brushing) has been disregarded despite the accumulated knowledge of mechanical force effects on tight junctions (TJs) and subsequent pathology in other epithelial tissues. Transitory bacteraemia is observed as a rule in gingival inflammation, but is rarely observed in clinically healthy gingiva. This implies that TJs of inflamed gingiva deteriorate, e.g., via a surplus of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bacterial proteases, toxins, Oncostatin M (OSM), and neutrophil proteases. The inflammation-deteriorated gingival TJs rupture when exposed to physiological mechanical forces. This rupture is characterised by bacteraemia during and briefly after mastication and teeth brushing, i.e., it appears to be a dynamic process of short duration, endowed with quick repair mechanisms. In this review, we consider the bacterial, immune, and mechanical factors responsible for the increased permeability and break of the epithelial barrier of inflamed gingiva and the subsequent translocation of both viable bacteria and bacterial LPS during physiological mechanical forces, such as mastication and teeth brushing.
Topics: Humans; Gingiva; Lipopolysaccharides; Periodontitis; Inflammation; Bacteremia
PubMed: 36901974
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054544 -
Romanian Journal of Ophthalmology 2020Retinal migraine is usually defined by transitory attacks of fully reversible monocular visual loss, mostly with aura. An accurate diagnostic can be completed based upon... (Review)
Review
Retinal migraine is usually defined by transitory attacks of fully reversible monocular visual loss, mostly with aura. An accurate diagnostic can be completed based upon the International Classification of Headache Disorders-2 (ICHD-2) criteria. In view of this, we summarized some clinical features, treatment principles, complications, prognosis and prophylaxis.
Topics: Disease Management; Humans; Migraine Disorders; Prognosis; Retinal Diseases; Retinal Vessels; Vision, Monocular
PubMed: 32685773
DOI: No ID Found -
Plant Communications Apr 2024Transitory starch is an important carbon source in leaves, and its biosynthesis and metabolism are closely related to grain quality and yield. The molecular mechanisms...
Transitory starch is an important carbon source in leaves, and its biosynthesis and metabolism are closely related to grain quality and yield. The molecular mechanisms controlling leaf transitory starch biosynthesis and degradation and their effects on rice (Oryza sativa) quality and yield remain unclear. Here, we show that OsLESV and OsESV1, the rice orthologs of AtLESV and AtESV1, are associated with transitory starch biosynthesis in rice. The total starch and amylose contents in leaves and endosperms are significantly reduced, and the final grain quality and yield are compromised in oslesv and osesv1 single and oslesv esv1 double mutants. Furthermore, we found that OsLESV and OsESV1 bind to starch, and this binding depends on a highly conserved C-terminal tryptophan-rich region that acts as a starch-binding domain. Importantly, OsLESV and OsESV1 also interact with the key enzymes of starch biosynthesis, granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), GBSSII, and pyruvate orthophosphote dikiase (PPDKB), to maintain their protein stability and activity. OsLESV and OsESV1 also facilitate the targeting of GBSSI and GBSSII from plastid stroma to starch granules. Overexpression of GBSSI, GBSSII, and PPDKB can partly rescue the phenotypic defects of the oslesv and osesv1 mutants. Thus, we demonstrate that OsLESV and OsESV1 play a key role in regulating the biosynthesis of both leaf transitory starch and endosperm storage starch in rice. These findings deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying transitory starch biosynthesis in rice leaves and reveal how the transitory starch metabolism affects rice grain quality and yield, providing useful information for the genetic improvement of rice grain quality and yield.
PubMed: 38581128
DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100893 -
Acta Medica Portuguesa Dec 2011The diagnosis of splenomegaly due to drugs is based on a recent history of exposure to a drug before the spleen enlargement. The purpose of this paper is to review... (Review)
Review
The diagnosis of splenomegaly due to drugs is based on a recent history of exposure to a drug before the spleen enlargement. The purpose of this paper is to review studies of the literature on drugs that may induce to splenomegaly. Drugs may provoke the enlargement of spleen by direct effect in splenic cells or as a side effect of disturbances in other organs, mainly liver and haematoimmunologic system. Some drugs provoke severe haemolysis associated with splenomegaly. Another cause of spleen increasing in size is the venous congestion due to liver disturbance with portal vein occlusion. All these drug side effects are usually transitory and splenomegaly disappears when the medication is discontinued. This is a complex problem that must be better studied to be understood in order to prevent its occurrence and to find the best treatment.
Topics: Humans; Splenomegaly
PubMed: 22863507
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Oncology 2023Ovarian cancer is the most fatal of all female reproductive cancers. The fatality rate of OC is the highest among gynecological malignant tumors, and cytoreductive... (Review)
Review
Ovarian cancer is the most fatal of all female reproductive cancers. The fatality rate of OC is the highest among gynecological malignant tumors, and cytoreductive surgery is a common surgical procedure for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. To achieve satisfactory tumor reduction, intraoperative bowel surgery is often involved. Intestinal anastomosis is the traditional way to restore intestinal continuity, but the higher rate of postoperative complications still cannot be ignored. Transitory protective stoma can reduce the severity of postoperative complications and traumatic stress reaction and provide the opportunity for conservative treatment. But there are also many problems, such as stoma-related complications and the impact on social psychology. Therefore, it is essential to select appropriate patients according to the indications for the transitory protective stoma, and a customized postoperative care plan is needed specifically for the stoma population.
PubMed: 37035215
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1118028 -
Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki I Selektsii May 2022Starch is a major storage carbohydrate in plants. It is an important source of calories in the human and animal diet. Also, it is widely used in various industries....
Starch is a major storage carbohydrate in plants. It is an important source of calories in the human and animal diet. Also, it is widely used in various industries. Native starch consists of water-insoluble semicrystalline granules formed by natural glucose polymers amylose and amylopectin. The physicochemical properties of starch are determined by the amylose:amylopectin ratio in the granule and degrees of their polymerization and phosphorylation. Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is one of the main starch-producing crops. Growing industrial needs necessitate the breeding of plant varieties with increased starch content and specified starch properties. This task demands detailed information on starch metabolism in the producing plant. It is a complex process, requiring the orchestrated work of many enzymes, transporter and targeting proteins, transcription factors, and other regulators. Two types of starch are recognized with regard to their biological functions. Transitory starch is synthesized in chloroplasts of photosynthetic organs and degraded in the absence of light, providing carbohydrates for cell needs. Storage starch is synthesized and stored in amyloplasts of storage organs: grains and tubers. The main enzymatic reactions of starch biosynthesis and degradation, as well as carbohydrate transport and metabolism, are well known in the case of transitory starch of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Less is known about features of starch metabolism in storage organs, in particular, potato tubers. Several issues remain obscure: the roles of enzyme isoforms and different regulatory factors in tissues at various plant developmental stages and under different environmental conditions; alternative enzymatic processes; targeting and transport proteins. In this review, the key enzymatic reactions of plant carbohydrate metabolism, transitory and storage starch biosynthesis, and starch degradation are discussed, and features specific for potato are outlined. Attention is also paid to the known regulatory factors affecting starch metabolism.
PubMed: 35774362
DOI: 10.18699/VJGB-22-32 -
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 2022Infectious diseases of different etiologies have been associated with acute and long-term neurological consequences. The primary cause of these consequences appears to... (Review)
Review
Infectious diseases of different etiologies have been associated with acute and long-term neurological consequences. The primary cause of these consequences appears to be an inflammatory process characterized primarily by a pro-inflammatory microglial state. Microglial cells, the local effectors' cells of innate immunity, once faced by a stimulus, alter their morphology, and become a primary source of inflammatory cytokines that increase the inflammatory process of the brain. This inflammatory scenario exerts a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, several studies have shown the involvement of the microglial inflammatory response caused by infections in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. This has been associated with a transitory microglial state subsequent to an inflammatory response, known as microglial priming, in which these cells are more responsive to stimuli. Thus, systemic inflammation and infections induce a transitory state in microglia that may lead to changes in their state and function, making priming them for subsequent immune challenges. However, considering that microglia are long-lived cells and are repeatedly exposed to infections during a lifetime, microglial priming may not be beneficial. In this review, we discuss the relationship between infections and neurodegenerative diseases and how this may rely on microglial priming.
PubMed: 35783096
DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.878987 -
Radiologia 2020Liver transplantation is one of the treatments for patients with advanced stage chronic liver disease and for selected patients with hepatic tumors. Ultrasonography is... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Liver transplantation is one of the treatments for patients with advanced stage chronic liver disease and for selected patients with hepatic tumors. Ultrasonography is the first-choice imaging technique to evaluate liver transplants. This article reviews the surgical technique, anatomy, and normal findings on ultrasonography in the immediate postoperative period in patients who have undergone liver transplantation, which will be used as a reference in follow-up studies.
CONCLUSION
Early vascular (arterial and portal) complications can represent a threat for the graft or the patient. During the period after liver transplantation, the patient is recovering from surgery and the transplanted organ is adapting to its new environment. In this period, ultrasonography can show alterations in the parenchyma or Doppler findings that would be considered abnormal in other situations; these findings are usually transitory. Knowing how to interpret them is key to detecting or ruling out complications.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anastomosis, Surgical; Child; Cholecystectomy; Female; Hepatic Artery; Hepatic Veins; Humans; Liver; Liver Transplantation; Male; Middle Aged; Portal Vein; Postoperative Complications; Postoperative Period; Tissue and Organ Harvesting; Ultrasonography; Vena Cava, Inferior
PubMed: 31866060
DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2019.11.003