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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Since the beginning of the 21st century, triazine-based molecules have been employed to construct different organic materials due to their unique optoelectronic... (Review)
Review
Since the beginning of the 21st century, triazine-based molecules have been employed to construct different organic materials due to their unique optoelectronic properties. Among their applications, photovoltaics stands out because of the current need to develop efficient, economic, and green alternatives to energy generation based mainly on fossil fuels. Here, we review all the development of triazine-based organic materials for solar cell applications, including organic solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, and perovskite solar cells. Firstly, we attempt to illustrate the main synthetic routes to prepare triazine derivatives. Then, we introduce the main aspects associated with solar cells and their performance. Afterward, we discuss different works focused on the preparation, characterization, and evaluation of triazine derivatives in solar cells, distinguishing the type of photovoltaics and the role of the triazine-based material in their performance (e.g., as a donor, acceptor, hole-transporting material, electron-transporting material, among others). Throughout this review, the progress, drawbacks, and main issues of the performance of the mentioned solar cells are exposed and discussed. Finally, some conclusions and perspectives about this research topic are mentioned.
Topics: Humans; Biological Transport; Electron Transport; Fossil Fuels; Tissue Donors; Triazines
PubMed: 36615449
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010257 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Aug 2021After application, pesticides remained in the field may contaminate water resources through surface runoff and leaching, posing a threat to aquatic ecosystem. In the...
After application, pesticides remained in the field may contaminate water resources through surface runoff and leaching, posing a threat to aquatic ecosystem. In the current study, the accumulation, translocation, distribution and removal of four triazine pesticides (simazine, atrazine, terbuthylazine and metribuzin) by free floating aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) in water-sediment microcosm were investigated and the removal mechanisms were explored. E. crassipes was exposed to an initial concentration of 50 μg·L and the pesticide levels in water, sediment, roots and shoots of E. crassipes were monitored during 30 days. The results demonstrated that E. crassipes was capable of accumulating triazine pesticides with the bio-concentration factor (BCF) ranging from 0.8 to 18.4. Triazine pesticides were mainly stored in roots, and root accumulation and translocation amount depend on the hydrophobicity of the pesticides. The removal of the pesticides in water were significantly accelerated by the presence of E. crassipes, with the removal efficiency ranging from 66% to 79% after 30 days of treatment. Though phytoaccumulation only constituted 2-18% of the total spiked pesticides in the microcosm, E. crassipes played a vital role in removing simazine, atrazine and metribuzin. However, microbial degradation in sediment was the main pathway for the removal of terbuthylazine in the microcosm. This study demonstrated the potential application of E. crassipes to accelerate removal of contaminants from aquatic environment.
Topics: Atrazine; Biodegradation, Environmental; Ecosystem; Eichhornia; Pesticides; Triazines; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 33989919
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112236 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021A tripodal Schiff base ligand, 2,4,6-Tris(4-carboxybenzimino)-1,3,5-triazine (MT) and its trinuclear Dy(III), Er(III), and Gd(III) complexes were synthesized. These were...
Synthesis, Biological and In Silico Studies of a Tripodal Schiff Base Derived from 2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine and Its Trinuclear Dy(III), Er(III), and Gd(III) Salen Capped Complexes.
A tripodal Schiff base ligand, 2,4,6-Tris(4-carboxybenzimino)-1,3,5-triazine (MT) and its trinuclear Dy(III), Er(III), and Gd(III) complexes were synthesized. These were characterized using UV-visible, IR, H, and C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, and molar conductivity measurements. The spectral studies indicate that the ligand is hexadentate and coordinates to the Ln(III) ions through the oxygen atoms of the carboxylic group. The trinuclear complexes were characterized as being bridged by carboxylate anions to the Dy(III), Er(III), and Gd(III) salen centers and displaying a coordination number of six. Biological studies revealed that MT is more active against the test micro-organisms relative to the trinuclear complexes. Acute toxicity studies revealed that MT is safe and has a wide range of effective doses (ED). In vivo antimalarial studies indicate that MT could serve as an effective antimalarial agent since it has parasitemia inhibition of 84.02% at 50 mg/kg and 65.81% at 25 mg/kg, close to the value (87.22%) of the standard drug-Artesunate. Molecular docking simulation studies on the compounds against SARS-CoV-2 (6Y84) and DNA gyrase (5MMN) revealed effective binding interactions through multiple bonding modes. The binding energy calculated for Er(III)MT-6Y84 and Er(III)MT-5MMN complexes showed active molecules with the ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and DNA gyrase.
Topics: Anions; Carboxylic Acids; Computer Simulation; Coordination Complexes; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dysprosium; Erbium; Gadolinium; Lanthanoid Series Elements; Ligands; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Schiff Bases; Triazines
PubMed: 34299654
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144379 -
Parasites & Vectors Sep 2022Avian coccidiosis is an important parasitic disease that has serious adverse effects on the global poultry industry. The extensive use of anticoccidial drugs has...
BACKGROUND
Avian coccidiosis is an important parasitic disease that has serious adverse effects on the global poultry industry. The extensive use of anticoccidial drugs has resulted in an increase in drug resistance. Ethanamizuril (EZL) is a novel triazine with high anticoccidial activity.
METHODS
We compared oocyst production and sporulation between EZL-sensitive (S) and EZL-resistant Eimeria tenella strains (R10 and R200) and used label-free quantitative proteomics to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between these strains.
RESULTS
We generated two EZL-resistant E. tenella strains: strain R10, which was induced using a constant dose of 10 mg EZL/kg poultry feed, and strain R200, which was generated by gradually increasing the EZL dosage to 200 mg EZL/kg poultry feed. With an increase in resistance, the total oocyst output decreased, but the percentage of sporulation did not change significantly. We identified a total of 7511 peptides and 1282 proteins, and found 152 DEPs in the R10 strain versus the S strain, 426 DEPs in the R200 strain versus the S strain and 494 DEPs in the R200 strain versus the R10 strain. When compared with the S strain, 86 DEPs were found to have consistent trends in both resistant strains. The DEPs were primarily involved in ATP and GTP binding, invasion, and membrane components. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses of the DEPs suggested that they are involved in transcription and translation processes. Protein-protein interaction network analysis of the 86 DEPs showed that 10 proteins were hubs in the functional interaction network (≥ 8 edges) and five of them were ribosomal proteins.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study indicate that the resistance mechanisms of E. tenella against EZL might be related to the transcriptional and translational processes, especially in the factors that inhibit the growth of parasites. The DEPs found in this study provide new insights into the resistance mechanisms of E. tenella against EZL. Further research on these potential targets holds promise for new chemotherapeutic approaches for controlling E. tenella infections.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Eimeria tenella; Oocysts; Poultry Diseases; Proteomics; Triazines
PubMed: 36076292
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05412-6 -
Bioconjugate Chemistry Apr 2021Cationic lipids (CLs) have gained significant attention among nonviral gene delivery vectors due to their ease of synthesis and functionalization with multivalent...
Cationic lipids (CLs) have gained significant attention among nonviral gene delivery vectors due to their ease of synthesis and functionalization with multivalent moieties. In particular, there is an increasing request for multifunctional CLs having gene delivery capacity and antibacterial activity. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a novel class of aminoglycoside (AG)-based multifunctional vectors with high transfection efficiency and noticeable antibacterial properties. Specifically, cationic amphiphiles were built on a triazine scaffold, allowing for an easy derivatization with up to three potentially different substituents, such as neomycin (Neo) that serves as the polar head and one or two lipophilic tails, namely stearyl (ST) and oleyl (OL) alkyl chains and cholesteryl (Chol) tail. With the aim to shed more light on the effect of different types and numbers of lipophilic moieties on the ability of CLs to condense and transfect cells, the performance of Neo-triazine-based derivatives as gene delivery vectors was evaluated and compared. The ability of Neo-triazine-based derivatives to act as antimicrobial agents was evaluated as well. Neo-triazine-based CLs invariably exhibited excellent DNA condensation ability, even at a low charge ratio (CR, +/-). Besides, each derivative showed very good transfection performance at its optimal CR on two different cell lines, along with negligible cytotoxicity. CLs bearing symmetric two-tailed OL proved to be the most effective in transfection. Interestingly, Neo-triazine-based derivatives, used as either free lipids or lipoplexes, exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, especially in the case of CLs bearing one or two aliphatic chains. Altogether, these results highlight the potential of Neo-triazine-based derivatives as effective multifunctional nonviral gene delivery vectors.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cations; Gene Transfer Techniques; Lipids; Neomycin; Triazines
PubMed: 33470802
DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00616 -
Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju Jun 2018This review article provides a summary of the studies relying on oxidative stress biomarkers (lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in particular) to investigate... (Review)
Review
This review article provides a summary of the studies relying on oxidative stress biomarkers (lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in particular) to investigate the effects of atrazine and terbuthylazine exposure in experimental animals and humans published since 2010. In general, experimental animals showed that atrazine and terbuthylazine exposure mostly affected their antioxidant defences and, to a lesser extent, lipid peroxidation, but the effects varied by the species, sex, age, herbicide concentration, and duration of exposure. Most of the studies involved aquatic organisms as useful and sensitive bio-indicators of environmental pollution and important part of the food chain. In laboratory mice and rats changes in oxidative stress markers were visible only with exposure to high doses of atrazine. Recently, our group reported that low-dose terbuthylazine could also induce oxidative stress in Wistar rats. It is evident that any experimental assessment of pesticide toxic effects should take into account a combination of several oxidative stress and antioxidant defence biomarkers in various tissues and cell compartments. The identified effects in experimental models should then be complemented and validated by epidemiological studies. This is important if we wish to understand the impact of pesticides on human health and to establish safe limits.
Topics: Animals; Atrazine; Biomarkers; Herbicides; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Triazines; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 29990300
DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3118 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2020The self-assembly of iron(III) chloride with three pyrazolyl--triazine ligands, namely 2,4-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (),...
The self-assembly of iron(III) chloride with three pyrazolyl--triazine ligands, namely 2,4-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (), 4-(4,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)morpholine (), and 4,4'-(6-(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)dimorpholine () afforded [Fe(BPT)Cl][FeCl] (), [Fe(BPT)Cl][FeCl] (), and [H(PT)][FeCl]. PT.2HO (), respectively, in good yield. In complexes and , the Fe(III) is pentacoordinated with three Fe-N interactions from the pincer ligand and two coordinated chloride anions in the inner sphere, and FeCl¯ in the outer sphere. Complex is comprised of one protonated ligand as cationic part, one FeCl¯ anion, and one neutral molecule in addition to two crystallized water molecules. Analysis of molecular packing using Hirshfeld calculations indicated that H…H and Cl…H are the most important in the molecular packing. They comprised 40.1% and 37.4%, respectively in and 32.4% and 37.8%, respectively in . Complex exhibited the most bioactivity against the tested microbes while had the lowest bioactivity. The and were inactive towards the tested microbes while was active. As a whole, the Fe(III) complexes have enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activities as compared to the free ligands.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Crystallography, X-Ray; Ferric Compounds; Iron; Ligands; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Pyrazoles; Triazines
PubMed: 33291507
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235750 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Mar 2024Leather is produced by a multi-step process among which the tanning phase is the most relevant, transforming animal skin collagen into a stable, non-putrescible material... (Review)
Review
Leather is produced by a multi-step process among which the tanning phase is the most relevant, transforming animal skin collagen into a stable, non-putrescible material used to produce a variety of different goods, for the footwear, automotive, garments, and sports industry. Most of the leather produced today is tanned with chromium (III) salts or alternatively with aldehydes or synthetic tannins, generating high environmental concern. Over the years, high exhaustion tanning systems have been developed to reduce the environmental impact of chromium salts, which nevertheless do not avoid the use of metals. Chrome-free alternatives such as aldehydes and phenol based synthetic tannins, are suffering from Reach restrictions due to their toxicity. Thus, the need for environmentally benign and economically sustainable tanning agents is increasingly urgent. In this review, the synthesis, use and tanning mechanism of a new class of tanning agents, 1,3,5-triazines derivatives, have been reported together with organoleptic, physical mechanical characteristics of tanned leather produced. Additionally environmental performance and economic data available for 1,3,5-triazines have been compared with those of a standard basic chromium sulphate tanning process, evidencing the high potentiality for sustainable, metal, aldehyde, and phenol free leather manufacturing.
Topics: Animals; Aldehydes; Chromium; Industrial Waste; Industry; Phenol; Phenols; Salts; Tanning; Tannins; Triazines
PubMed: 38320686
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123472 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 20222,4- (3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine () pincer ligand was used to synthesize the new [Zn(BPMT)(NCS)] () and [Zn(BPMT)(Br)] () complexes by a...
2,4- (3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine () pincer ligand was used to synthesize the new [Zn(BPMT)(NCS)] () and [Zn(BPMT)(Br)] () complexes by a reaction with Zn(NO)·6HO in the presence of either KSCN or KBr, respectively. The structure of complex has been exclusively confirmed using single crystal X-ray diffraction. In this neutral heteroleptic complex, the is a pincer chelate coordinating the Zn(II) ion via three interactions with the two pyrazole moieties and the -triazine core. Hence, is a tridentate -chelate. The coordination environment of Zn(II) is completed by two strong interactions with two terminal SCN ions via the -atom. Hence, the Zn(II) is penta-coordinated with a distorted square pyramidal coordination geometry. Hirshfeld analysis indicated the predominance of H…H, H…C and N…H intermolecular interactions. Additionally, the S…H, S…C and S…N contacts are the most significant. The free ligand has no or weak antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities while the studied Zn(II) complexes showed interesting biological activity. Complex has excellent antibacterial activity against (2.4 μg/mL) and (4.8 μg/mL) compared to (4.8 μg/mL). Additionally, complex (78.09 ± 4.23 µg/mL) has better antioxidant activity than (365.60 ± 20.89 µg/mL). In addition, complex (43.86 ± 3.12 µg/mL) and (30.23 ± 1.26 µg/mL) have 8 and 12 times the anticancer activity of the free ligand (372.79 ± 13.64 µg/mL).
Topics: Chelating Agents; Coordination Complexes; Crystallography, X-Ray; Ions; Ligands; Models, Molecular; Organometallic Compounds; Triazines; Zinc
PubMed: 35684561
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113625 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Oct 2012In the present work, current knowledge on the potential fate, microbial degradation, and toxicity of hexahydro- 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) was thoroughly... (Review)
Review
In the present work, current knowledge on the potential fate, microbial degradation, and toxicity of hexahydro- 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) was thoroughly reviewed, focusing on the toxicological assessment of a variety of potential RDX degradation pathways in bacteria and fungi. The present review on microbial degradation pathways and toxicities of degradation intermediates suggests that, among aerobic RDX degradation pathways, the one via denitration may be preferred in a toxicological perspective, and that among anaerobic pathways, those forming 4- nitro-2,4-diazabutanal (NDAB) via ring cleavage of 1-nitroso- 3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (MNX) may be toxicologically advantageous owing to its potential mineralization under partial or complete anoxic conditions. These findings provide important information on RDX-degrading microbial pathways, toxicologically most suitable to be stimulated in contaminated fields.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Biodegradation, Environmental; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Fungi; Nitrates; Oxygen; Phylogeny; Soil Microbiology; Soil Pollutants; Toxicity Tests; Triazines
PubMed: 23075780
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1203.04002