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The Annals of Pharmacotherapy Sep 1994
Comparative Study Review
Topics: Drug Approval; Drug Industry; Humans; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Triazolam; United Kingdom; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration
PubMed: 7803879
DOI: No ID Found -
The Annals of Pharmacotherapy May 1997To review the literature that compares zolpidem with triazolam, with an emphasis on efficacy and safety in humans. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the literature that compares zolpidem with triazolam, with an emphasis on efficacy and safety in humans.
DATA SOURCES
Information was retrieved from a MEDLINE search (1983-1996) of the English-language literature using the terms triazolam and zolpidem.
STUDY SELECTION
Reports of clinical trials comparing the safety and efficacy of zolpidem and triazolam were included in this review.
DATA EXTRACTION
Data were evaluated according to study design, efficacy, and adverse effects. Pertinent information was selected and the data synthesized into a review format.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Zolpidem and triazolam have similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in humans. Clinical trials have shown that usually recommended, equipotent dosages of zolpidem and triazolam do not differ with respect to pharmacokinetics, efficacy, tolerability, residual effects, memory impairment, rebound insomnia, abuse potential, or other adverse effects.
CONCLUSIONS
Zolpidem offers no distinct therapeutic advantage over triazolam for the treatment of insomnia.
Topics: Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Pyridines; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Triazolam; Zolpidem
PubMed: 9161660
DOI: 10.1177/106002809703100518 -
Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 1983Triazolam is a sedative/hypnotic triazolobenzodiazepine, structurally related to alprazolam. Recently, it has been approved for the short-term management of insomnia... (Review)
Review
Triazolam is a sedative/hypnotic triazolobenzodiazepine, structurally related to alprazolam. Recently, it has been approved for the short-term management of insomnia characterized by difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and/or early morning awakenings. Triazolam is metabolized with a half-life of 1.5-5.0 hours. Its one active metabolite, which appears in low concentrations and is inactivated rapidly, is not thought to contribute to its pharmacologic activity. Triazolam has been shown to decrease sleep latency and the number of nocturnal awakenings while increasing total sleep time in patients with insomnia. Sleep electroencephalogram studies show that triazolam has no effect on delta-sleep (Stages 3 and 4) and has variable effects on rapid-eye-movement sleep. Nighttime administration of triazolam increases daytime alertness in insomniacs and improves or has no effect on performance. The reported side effects are similar to those of other benzodiazepines and include drowsiness, dizziness, and dry mouth. The recommended dosage of triazolam is 0.25-0.5 mg hs. A reduced initial dose of 0.125 mg should be used in geriatric patients.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Costs and Cost Analysis; Drug Interactions; Electroencephalography; Humans; Kinetics; Triazolam
PubMed: 6135590
DOI: 10.1177/106002808301700701 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Jul 1993
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Triazolam
PubMed: 8374406
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.307.6899.328-b -
Lancet (London, England) Jul 1991
Topics: Humans; Triazolam
PubMed: 1676109
DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90047-s -
Lancet (London, England) Jun 1991
Topics: Amnesia; Female; Humans; Male; Memory; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; Triazolam
PubMed: 1675742
DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)93312-w -
Lancet (London, England) Sep 1989
Topics: Humans; Triazolam
PubMed: 2570932
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90927-6 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Jan 1981Triazolam (T) is a new, potent hypnotic with a short duration of action in man. After an 0.88-mg oral dose of T-14C in six male subjects, mean recovery of 14C...
Triazolam (T) is a new, potent hypnotic with a short duration of action in man. After an 0.88-mg oral dose of T-14C in six male subjects, mean recovery of 14C radioactivity was 85% in urine and 8% in feces. The major urinary metabolites were alpha-hydroxytriazolam (alpha-HT) and 4-hydroxytriazolam (4-HT), accounting for 69% and 11% of the urinary 14C, and these were mostly in conjugated form. alpha, 4-Dihydroxytriazolam and three dichlorotriazolylbenzophenone analogs were minor metabolites. At least 85% of the dose was rapidly absorbed; mean absorption half-life (t1/2A) was 2.8 min. After reaching a mean peak plasma level (Cmax) of 8.8 ng/ml at mean time (tmax) of 1.3 hr, plasma T decreased rapidly with a mean elimination half-life (t1/2E) of 2.3 hr. The remainder of the plasma 14C consisted predominantly of glucuronides of alpha-HT and 4-HT. Mean plasma parameters for these metabolites were as follows: alpha-HT-glucuronide, t1/2E = 3.9 hr, tmax = 1.3 hr, Cmax = 6.1 ng/ml; 4-HT-glucuronide, t1/2E = 3.8 hr, tmax = 2.5 hr, Cmax = 6.1 ng/ml. Nonconjugated alpha-HT and 4-HT were present in plasma but in insufficient amounts for kinetic analysis. The results are consistent with the short duration of action.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Half-Life; Humans; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Middle Aged; Models, Chemical; Triazolam
PubMed: 6109586
DOI: 10.1038/clpt.1981.14 -
Drugs Aug 1981Triazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine with hypnotic properties, advocated for use in acute or chronic insomnia, situational insomnia in hospitalised patients, and... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Review
Triazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine with hypnotic properties, advocated for use in acute or chronic insomnia, situational insomnia in hospitalised patients, and insomnia associated with other disease states. As triazolam has a relatively short half-life of about 2 to 3 hours in healthy subjects and has only 1 short acting active metabolite, alpha-hydroxytriazolam, it would seem more suitable as an hypnotic than longer acting drugs such as flurazepam, nitrazepam or flunitrazepam, particularly when residual sedative effects on the day after ingestion are undesirable. Thus, with usual hypnotic doses of triazolam (0.25 or 0.5 mg) impairment of psychomotor and cognitive function is generally not carried over into the day after ingestion, although at doses of 1 mg or greater, residual effects may appear. In short term comparative studies triazolam was clearly superior to a placebo, and was at lest as effective as flurazepam, or other benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam or diazepam, in hastening sleep onset, reducing nocturnal awakenings, and increasing sleep duration. In other studies it was often superior to chloral hydrate, methyprylone or quinalbarbitone (secobarbital). In a small number of patients with chronic insomnia receiving extended treatment with triazolam in a clinical setting or in some sleep laboratory studies, no evidence of tolerance occurred; however, some evidence of reduced effect with repeated administration has been reported in one sleep laboratory study. Thus, a definitive statement about the likelihood of tolerance occurring on repeated administration is difficult to make at this time.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cognition; Humans; Kinetics; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Sleep Stages; Triazolam
PubMed: 6114852
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-198122020-00001 -
Anaesthesia Mar 1987
Topics: Anxiety; Humans; Preanesthetic Medication; Triazolam
PubMed: 3578735
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb03052.x