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Microorganisms Jun 2021Tributyrin and essential oils have been used as alternatives to antimicrobials to improve gut health and growth performance in piglets. This study was to evaluate the...
Tributyrin and essential oils have been used as alternatives to antimicrobials to improve gut health and growth performance in piglets. This study was to evaluate the effects of a dietary supplement with two encapsulated products containing different combinations of tributyrin with oregano or with methyl salicylate on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters related to the physiological status, intestinal microbiota and metabolites of piglets. A total of 108 weaned crossbred piglets (Yorkshire × Landrace, 21 ± 1 d, 8.21 ± 0.04 kg) were randomly divided into three groups. Piglets were fed with one of the following diets for 5 weeks: a basal diet as the control (CON); the control diet supplemented with an encapsulated mixture containing 30% of methyl salicylate and tributyrin at a dosage of 3 kg/t (CMT); and the control diet supplemented with an encapsulated mixture containing 30% of oregano oil and tributyrin at a dosage of 3 kg/t (COT). At the end of the feeding trial, six piglets from each group were slaughtered to collect blood and gut samples for physiological status and gut microbiological analysis. The study found that the CMT group was larger in feed intake (FI) ( < 0.05), average daily gain (ADG) ( = 0.09), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) ( < 0.05), blood total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) ( < 0.05), and crypt depth in the ileum ( < 0.05) compared with the CON group. The genus abundance of and in the CMT group was significantly decreased compared with the CON group. The CMT group also resulted in significantly higher activity in amino acid metabolism and arginine biosynthesis compared with the CON group. The COT group was larger in T-AOC, and the genus abundance of and was significantly increased in the ileum compared with the CON group. Data analysis found a significantly high correlation between the genus abundance of and that of in the ileum. The genus abundance of was also positively correlated with the sorbitol level. In general, the results indicated that the supplementation of both encapsulated mixtures in diet of weaned piglets could improve the animal blood antioxidant capacity. Additionally, the encapsulated mixture of methyl salicylate plus tributyrin improved the growth performance and resulted in certain corresponding changes in nutrient metabolism and in the genus abundance of ileum microbial community.
PubMed: 34205785
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061342 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2022Dry eye is a common ocular inflammatory disorder characterized by tear film instability and reduced tear production. There is increasing evidence that homeostasis of the...
Dry eye is a common ocular inflammatory disorder characterized by tear film instability and reduced tear production. There is increasing evidence that homeostasis of the ocular surface is impacted by the intestinal microbiome. We are interested in investigating the potential role of microbially produced small molecules in mediating the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the ocular surface. One such molecule is butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by certain members of the gut microbiota through fermentation of dietary fiber. Here we show that SCFA transporter SLC5A8 is expressed in vivo in murine conjunctival and corneal epithelium. Pre-treatment of in vitro corneal epithelial cultures or bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) with phenylbutyrate (PBA) reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory Tnf expression. Corneal epithelial cultures and BMDCs isolated from Slc5a8 knockout mice are unable to respond to PBA pre-treatment, suggesting that SLC5A8 is required for the protective effect of PBA. The treatment of mice undergoing desiccating stress (DS) with oral tributyrin, a prodrug form of butyrate, reduces inflammation at the ocular surface in vivo, and this effect partially requires SLC5A8. Finally, expression analysis on conjunctival tissue isolated from mice subjected to DS with and without tributyrin treatment revealed that treatment downregulated genes involved in Type I interferon signaling. Together these data support our hypothesis that SCFAs produced in the gut participate in the maintenance of ocular surface homeostasis.
Topics: Animals; Butyrates; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inflammation; Mice; Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters; Tears
PubMed: 35296712
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08442-3 -
Poultry Science Nov 2021The objective of this experiment was to investigate the influence of dietary tributyrin on reproduction performance and ovary function of broiler breeders with different...
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the influence of dietary tributyrin on reproduction performance and ovary function of broiler breeders with different egg laying rate. Two hundred fifty-six AA broiler breeders (48-wk-old) were allocated to 4 treatment in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main effects of tributyrin supplementation (0 and 1,000 mg/kg tributyrin [TRI]) and 2 egg laying rate levels (average [AR, 81.01 ± 0.79%] and low [LR, 70.98 ± 0.95%]). The results shown that the LR breeders presented higher egg weight, but lower egg laying rate, qualified egg rate and feed efficiency than the AR breeders (P < 0.05). Also, the superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity in magnum was lower while malondialdehyde (MDA) was higher in ovary and magnum of LR breeders than that in the AR breeders (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with tributyrin significantly enhanced egg weight (P < 0.05), increased albumen height as well as Haugh unit (HU) in AR breeders (P < 0.05), and also had higher total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and lower MDA in ovary (P < 0.05). The cell apoptosis rate and proapoptosis related gene expression (caspase 8, 9 and Bax) in the ovary of LR breeders was higher, while anti-apoptosis related gene (Bcl-2) expression were lower in LR breeders when compared with the AR breeders (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with tributyrin decreased the cell apoptosis rate and downregulated caspase 9 expression in LR breeders (P < 0.05), up-regulated the Bcl-2 expression in both 2 breeders (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the breeders with lower egg laying rate also characterized by deteriorate ovary function indicated by lower antioxidant capacity and higher cell apoptosis rate. Dietary supplementation with tributyrin increased egg albumen quality, decreased ovarian proapoptosis related gene expression to improve reproductive tract function; and the positive effect on egg albumen quality is more pronounced in average reproductive breeders.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Antioxidants; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Ovary; Reproduction; Triglycerides
PubMed: 34555757
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101429 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jun 2021The effects of the dietary administration of a combination of Quebracho and Chestnut tannins, leonardite and tributyrin were evaluated in weaned piglets. A total of 168...
The effects of the dietary administration of a combination of Quebracho and Chestnut tannins, leonardite and tributyrin were evaluated in weaned piglets. A total of 168 weaned piglets (Landrace × Large White) were randomly allotted to two experimental groups (6 pens/group, 14 piglets/pen). Animals were fed a basal control diet (CTRL) and a treatment diet (MIX) supplemented with 0.75% tannin extracts, 0.25% leonardite and 0.20% tributyrin for 28 days. Individual body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. Diarrhoea incidence was recorded by a faecal scoring scale (0-3; considering diarrhoea ≥ 2). At 0 and 28 days, faecal samples were obtained from four piglets/pen for microbiological and chemical analyses of faecal microbiota, which were then assessed by V3-V4 region amplification sequencing. At 28 days, blood from two piglets/pen was sampled to evaluate the serum metabolic profile. After 28 days, a reduction in diarrhoea incidence was observed in the MIX compared to CTRL group ( < 0.05). In addition, compared to CTRL, MIX showed a higher lactobacilli:coliform ratio and increased and genera presence ( < 0.01). The serum metabolic profile showed a decreased level of low-density lipoproteins in the treated group ( < 0.05). In conclusion, a combination of tannin extract, leonardite and tributyrin could decrease diarrhoea incidence and modulate the gut microbiota.
PubMed: 34204108
DOI: 10.3390/ani11061693 -
Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology... 2020Ethanol-mediated down-regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1A) gene expression plays a major role in the development of hepatic steatosis; however, the...
UNLABELLED
Ethanol-mediated down-regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1A) gene expression plays a major role in the development of hepatic steatosis; however, the underlying mechanisms are not completely elucidated. Tributyrin, a butyrate prodrug that can inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, attenuates hepatic steatosis and injury. The present study examined the beneficial effect of tributyrin/butyrate in attenuating ethanol-induced pathogenic epigenetic mechanisms affecting CPT-1A promoter-histone modifications and gene expression and hepatic steatosis/injury.
METHODS
Mice were fed a liquid Lieber-DeCarli diet (Research Diet Inc, New Brunswick, NJ) with or without ethanol for 4 weeks. In a subset of mice, tributyrin (2 g/kg) was administered orally by gavage. Primary rat hepatocytes were treated with 50 mmol/L ethanol and/or 2 mmol/L butyrate. Gene expression and epigenetic modifications at the CPT-1A promoter were analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis.
RESULTS
In vivo, ethanol induced hepatic CPT-1A promoter histone H3K9 deacetylation, which is indicative of a repressive chromatin state, and decreased CPT-1A gene expression. Our data identified HDAC1 as the predominant HDAC causing CPT-1A promoter histone H3K9 deacetylation and epigenetic down-regulation of gene expression. Significantly, Specificity Protein 1 (SP1) and Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 Alpha (HNF4α) participated in the recruitment of HDAC1 to the proximal and distal regions of CPT-1A promoter, respectively, and mediated transcriptional repression. Importantly, butyrate, a dietary HDAC inhibitor, attenuated ethanol-induced recruitment of HDAC1 and facilitated p300-HAT binding by enabling SP1/p300 interaction at the proximal region and HNF4α/peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α/p300 interactions at the distal region, leading to promoter histone acetylation and enhanced CPT-1A transcription.
CONCLUSIONS
This study identifies HDAC1-mediated repressive epigenetic mechanisms that underlie an ethanol-mediated decrease in CPT-1A expression. Importantly, tributyrin/butyrate inhibits HDAC1, rescues CPT-1A expression, and attenuates ethanol-mediated hepatic steatosis and injury, suggesting its potential use in therapeutic strategies for alcoholic liver disease.
Topics: Acetylation; Administration, Oral; Animals; Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase; Cells, Cultured; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Disease Models, Animal; Down-Regulation; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Epigenetic Repression; Ethanol; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic; Hepatocytes; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Histones; Humans; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Male; Mice; Primary Cell Culture; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Triglycerides
PubMed: 31654770
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.10.005 -
Poultry Science Apr 2021Butyrate is a feed additive that has been shown to have antibacterial properties and improve gut health in broilers. Here, we examined the performance and gene...
Butyrate is a feed additive that has been shown to have antibacterial properties and improve gut health in broilers. Here, we examined the performance and gene expression changes in the ileum of tributyrin-supplemented broilers infected with coccidia. Ninety-six, Ross 708 broilers were fed either a control corn-soybean-based diet (-BE) or a diet supplemented with 0.25% (w/w) tributyrin (+BE). Birds were further divided into groups that were inoculated with Eimeria maxima oocysts (EM) or sham-inoculated (C) on day 21 posthatch. At 7 d postinfection (7 d PI), the peak of pathology in E. maxima infection, tributyrin-supplemented birds had significantly improved feed conversion ratios (FCR, P < 0.05) and body weight gain (BWG, P < 0.05) compared with -BE-infected birds, despite both groups having similar feed intake (FI, P > 0.05). However, at 10 d post-infection (10 d PI) no significant effects of feed type or infection were observed. Gene expression in the ileum was examined for insights into possible effects of infection and tributyrin supplementation on genes encoding proteins related to immunity, digestion, and gut barrier integrity. Among immune-related genes examined, IL-1B and LEAP2 were only significantly affected at 7 d PI. Transcription of genes related to digestion (APN, MCT1, FABP2, and MUC2) were primarily influenced by infection at 7 d PI and tributyrin supplementation (FABP2 and MUC2) at 10 d PI. With exception of ZO1, tight junction genes were affected by either infection or feed type at 7 d PI. At 10 d PI, only CLDN1 was not affected by either infection or feed type. Overall tributyrin shows promise as a supplement to improve performance during coccidiosis in broiler chickens; however, its effect on gene expression and mode of action requires further research.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Eimeria; Gene Expression; Poultry Diseases; Triglycerides; Weight Gain
PubMed: 33652244
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.01.007 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary tributyrin (TB) administration on the intestinal and growth performances in Arbor Acres (AA)...
Dietary Tributyrin Administration Improves Intestinal Morphology and Selected Bacterial and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Profiles in Broilers Under an Isocaloric Feeding Regime.
The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary tributyrin (TB) administration on the intestinal and growth performances in Arbor Acres (AA) broilers under an isocaloric feeding regime. A total of 540 day-old healthy AA broilers were randomly assigned to five treatments with 12 replicates (pens) per treatment and nine birds per pen for 42 days. The dietary treatments were basal diet (control) and basal diet with TB at doses of 0.23 g/kg (TB1), 0.46 g/kg (TB2), 0.92 g/kg (TB3), and 1.84 g/kg (TB4). Particularly, to achieve the isocaloric and cost-saving experimental diets, soybean oil was replaced by the TB product (Eucalorie) with equivalent metabolic energy contents, and the formulas were rebalanced with zeolite to get the sum of all the feed ingredients to 100%. On days 21 and 42, after weighing, the birds (one bird per replicate) whose body weight was close to the replicate average were euthanized to investigate the effect of dietary TB on intestinal morphology, intestinal bacterial population, and short-chain fatty acid contents. The results revealed that dietary TB administration increased the average daily gain, gain/feed ratio, and European broiler index ( < 0.05) and improved the intestinal morphology ( < 0.05) as indicated by higher villus height and the ratios of villus height/crypt depth in broilers. The incremental levels of TB increased the ileal content ( = 0.05) and cecal content ( = 0.02), respectively. Moreover, dietary TB administration also increased the contents of most of the selected short-chain fatty acids in ileal and cecal digesta ( < 0.05). Collectively, dietary TB administration quadratically improved the growth performance, intestinal morphology, beneficial bacterial population, and short-chain fatty acid levels under the isocaloric feeding regime, indicating better profit return potential in practical poultry operation.
PubMed: 34421875
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715712 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2021This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tributyrin on growth performance, biochemical indices and intestinal microbiota of yellow-feathered broilers. 360 one-day-old...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tributyrin on growth performance, biochemical indices and intestinal microbiota of yellow-feathered broilers. 360 one-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to three treatments with six replicates of 20 chicks each, including a normal control group (NC), an antibiotic group (PC), and a tributyrin (250 mg/kg) group (TB) for 63 days. The results showed that compared with the control, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the TB group decreased during the d22 to d42 ( < 0.05) and overall, the final weight and FCR of broilers tended to increase and decrease, respectively. Moreover, the TB group showed the highest creatine concentrations at the entire period ( < 0.05). TB treatment increased the relative abundance and decreased . Principal coordinates analysis yielded clear clustering of the three groups. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis found seven differentially abundant taxa in the TB group, including several members of . The relative abundance of , , and increased in tributyrin-treated broilers. Spearman correlation analysis identified a correlation between abundance and overall feed efficiency. These results demonstrated that tributyrin could improve the growth performance by modulating blood biochemical indices and the cecal microflora composition of broilers.
PubMed: 34944202
DOI: 10.3390/ani11123425 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2021The perturbation of gut health is a common yet unresolved problem in broiler chicken production. Antibiotics used as growth promoters have remarkably improved the... (Review)
Review
The perturbation of gut health is a common yet unresolved problem in broiler chicken production. Antibiotics used as growth promoters have remarkably improved the broiler production industry with high feed conversion efficiency and reduced intestinal problems. However, the misuse of antibiotics has also led to the increase in the development of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic residues in the meat. Many countries have enacted laws prohibiting the use of antibiotics in livestock production because of the increasing concerns from the consumers and the public. Consequently, one of the most significant discussions in the poultry industry is currently antibiotic-free livestock production. However, the biggest challenge in animal husbandry globally is the complete removal of antibiotics. The necessity to venture into antibiotic-free production has led researchers to look for alternatives to antibiotics in broiler chicken production. Many strategies can be used to replace the use of antibiotics in broiler farming. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to identify functional feed additives with similar beneficial effects as antibiotic growth promoters. Attention has been focused on prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids, emulsifiers, enzymes, essential oils, tributyrin, and medium-chain fatty acids. In this review, we focused on recent discoveries on gut health maintenance through the use of these functional feed additives as alternatives to antibiotics in the past 10 years to provide novel insights into the design of antibiotic-free feeds.
PubMed: 34869510
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.692839 -
Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology... 2020
Topics: Epigenetic Repression; Ethanol; Fatty Liver; Humans; Triglycerides
PubMed: 32097606
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.01.013