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The American Journal of Tropical... Jun 2015Trichinellosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease with a worldwide distribution. The aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological and clinical data of five...
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease with a worldwide distribution. The aim of this work was to describe the epidemiological and clinical data of five outbreaks of trichinellosis, which affected ethnic minorities living in remote mountainous areas of northwestern Vietnam from 1970 to 2012. Trichinellosis was diagnosed in 126 patients, of which 11 (8.7%) were hospitalized and 8 (6.3%) died. All infected people had consumed raw pork from backyard and roaming pigs or wild boar at wedding, funeral, or New Year parties. The short incubation period (average of 9.5 days), the severity of the symptoms, which were characterized by diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, myalgia, edema, weight loss, itch, and lisping, and the high mortality, suggest that patients had ingested a high number of larvae. The larval burden in pigs examined in one of the outbreaks ranged from 70 to 879 larvae/g. These larvae and those collected from a muscle biopsy taken from a patient from the 2012 outbreak were identified as Trichinella spiralis. Data presented in this work show that the northern regions of Vietnam are endemic areas for Trichinella infections in domestic pigs and humans.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trichinellosis; Vietnam; Young Adult
PubMed: 25846295
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0570 -
Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) Jan 1997Trichinosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease closely related to cultural and dietary habits caused by a nematode Trichinella spp. Human infection is acquired through...
Trichinosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease closely related to cultural and dietary habits caused by a nematode Trichinella spp. Human infection is acquired through ingestion of undercooked meat containing infective encysted larvae. There are two cycles of transmission, one domestic and the other wild. A complete life cycle develops in a single host harboring adult worms in the small intestine, from which newborn larvae migrate and finally encyst in striated muscle. Traumatic and immunological alterations are responsible for the main clinical features, including diarrhea, febrile syndrome, myalgias, oculopalpebral signs and eosinophilia. Cardiovascular, lung and CNS involvement characterize severe trichinosis. CNS inflammatory infiltration and damage may result from larval migration and vascular obstruction, or from the effect of toxic parasite antigens, or eosinophil infiltration. Humoral and cellular immune host response are relevant both to protect against re-infection and for immunodiagnosis. DNA probes and PCR technology may help to identify Trichinella spp. Muscle biopsy may disclose T spiralis larvae coiled within a muscle fibre host nurse cell surrounded by a capsule. Inflammatory infiltration includes monocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and T lymphocytes mainly of the suppressor/cytotoxic phenotype. Histological appearance and histochemical profile of the host nurse cell differ from that of striated muscle fibre and are partly indicative of regeneration. Our own histological and histochemical findings in experimental studies of infected mouse muscle support the concept that changes induced by the larva encysting within a single host skeletal muscle fibre which becomes a nurse cell are unique of Trichinella infection. Interestingly, no dystrophin could be detected within the host nurse cell-capsule interface. It has been advanced that larva-induced host muscle fibre changes may be regulated at muscle gene transcription level whilst host regulatory pathways governed by cell cycle phase may also contribute to larval development.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Central Nervous System Diseases; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Larva; Muscles; Trichinella; Trichinellosis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 9034572
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1997.tb01081.x -
Parasites & Vectors May 2021Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by several Trichinella species around the world. In Chile, the domestic cycle was fairly well-studied in previous decades,...
Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by several Trichinella species around the world. In Chile, the domestic cycle was fairly well-studied in previous decades, but has been neglected in recent years. The aims of this study were to analyze, geographically, the incidence of trichinellosis in Chile to assess the relative risk and to analyze the incidence rate fluctuation in the last decades. Using temporal data spanning 1964-2019, as well as geographical data from 2010 to 2019, the time series of cases was analyzed with ARIMA models to explore trends and periodicity. The Dickey-Fuller test was used to study trends, and the Portmanteau test was used to study white noise in the model residuals. The Besag-York-Mollie (BYM) model was used to create Bayesian maps of the level of risk relative to that expected by the overall population. The association of the relative risk with the number of farmed swine was assessed with Spearman's correlation. The number of annual cases varied between 5 and 220 (mean: 65.13); the annual rate of reported cases varied between 0.03 and 1.9 cases per 10 inhabitants (mean: 0.53). The cases of trichinellosis in Chile showed a downward trend that has become more evident since the 1980s. No periodicities were detected via the autocorrelation function. Communes (the smallest geographical administrative subdivision) with high incidence rates and high relative risk were mostly observed in the AraucanÃa region. The relative risk of the commune was significantly associated with the number of farmed pigs and boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758). The results allowed us to state that trichinellosis is not a (re)emerging disease in Chile, but the severe economic poverty rate of the Mapuche Indigenous peoples and the high number of backyard and free-ranging pigs seem to be associated with the high risk of trichinellosis in the AraucanÃa region.
Topics: Animals; Bayes Theorem; Chile; Disease Outbreaks; Geographic Mapping; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Incidence; Risk Assessment; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trichinella; Trichinellosis
PubMed: 34039413
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04783-6 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Dec 2011To assess the global incidence and clinical effects of human trichinellosis, we analyzed outbreak report data for 1986-2009. Searches of 6 international databases... (Review)
Review
To assess the global incidence and clinical effects of human trichinellosis, we analyzed outbreak report data for 1986-2009. Searches of 6 international databases yielded 494 reports. After applying strict criteria for relevance and reliability, we selected 261 reports for data extraction. From 1986 through 2009, there were 65,818 cases and 42 deaths reported from 41 countries. The World Health Organization European Region accounted for 87% of cases; 50% of those occurred in Romania, mainly during 1990-1999. Incidence in the region ranged from 1.1 to 8.5 cases per 100,000 population. Trichinellosis affected primarily adults (median age 33.1 years) and about equally affected men (51%) and women. Major clinical effects, according to 5,377 well-described cases, were myalgia, diarrhea, fever, facial edema, and headaches. Pork was the major source of infection; wild game sources were also frequently reported. These data will be valuable for estimating the illness worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Education, Medical, Continuing; Europe; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Sus scrofa; Trichinellosis; World Health Organization
PubMed: 22172230
DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.110896 -
Journal of Preventive Medicine and... Jun 2019Trichinellosis is a worldwide zooantroponosis caused by a nematode of the genus Trichinella that can pose a risk to human health. Among the species of Trichinella, T.... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Trichinellosis is a worldwide zooantroponosis caused by a nematode of the genus Trichinella that can pose a risk to human health. Among the species of Trichinella, T. Spiralis is the most common represented. The main source of human infection is the consumption of raw or undercooked meat (especially from pigs, wild boars and horses). Infection with Trichinella was one of the most frequent parasitic diseases in Italy until 1959 when obligatory screening for these parasites in slaughtered swines was introduced. As the last review on this topic was performed in 1989, the aim of our study was to describe the epidemiology of Trichinellosis in Italy from 1989 to 2017.
STUDY DESIGN
We performed a systematic research in Pubmed (MEDLINE).
METHODS
We included in our review studies that were published in the peer reviewed literature using the MESH terms "Trichinellosis" and "Italy". The only restrictions were the language (articles should be in English, Italian, Spanish or French) and the date of publication: from 1989 to March 2017. We excluded all the articles which referred to trichinellosis in the animals or which focused only on molecular biology of trichinella or on diagnostic techniques.
RESULTS
We found 56 studies, but only 8 were considered eligible. During the study period, 764 cases of Trichinellosis occurred in Italy: 13.7% caused by T. Britovi and 84.4% by T. spiralis; in 14 cases the identification of the parasite was not performed. The outbreaks occurred in Umbria, Piedmont, Apulia (500 cases in 1990, by T. spiralis), Basilicata, Tuscany, Abruzzo, Emilia Romagna, Sardinia. In 2001 and in 2008 two outbreaks occurred in Lazio and Veneto respectively, but imported from abroad. The most important sources of infections were: horse meat (82.2%); wild boar meat (11.9%); pig meat (5.9%).
CONCLUSIONS
Trichinellosis is still present in Italy, but often forgotten by general practitioners and infectious diseases specialists. It's pivotal to improve awareness about this parasitic disease in Physicians and veterinarians. A strict surveillance, especially on meat products from endemic countries or from wild animals is necessary to considerably reduce the risk of acquiring the infection.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Italy; Meat; Trichinella; Trichinellosis
PubMed: 31312735
DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.2.891 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Mar 2012Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonosis caused by the parasitic nematode Trichinella, which is characterized by an extremely wide host range and geographical... (Review)
Review
Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonosis caused by the parasitic nematode Trichinella, which is characterized by an extremely wide host range and geographical distribution. The aim of the present review is to provide epidemiological information on animal and human trichinellosis occurring in developing countries in the different continents, where cooking habits along with poverty and poor sanitary conditions and lack of veterinary controls may facilitate the occurrence of human trichinellosis outbreaks. Countries have been considered according to the six regions designated by the World Health Organization (WHO): 1) WHO African Region, 2) WHO Region of the Americas, 3) WHO South-East Asia Region, 4) WHO European Region, 5) WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, and 6) WHO Western Pacific Region. For the purposes of this article, developing countries are defined as those not industrialised according to the World Economic Outlook Report of the International Monetary Fund (http://www.imf.org); however, with regard to the European Region of WHO, only those countries that are not member states of the European Union will be considered.
Topics: Animals; Developing Countries; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Neglected Diseases; Socioeconomic Factors; Trichinella; Trichinellosis
PubMed: 22421602
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.2478 -
PloS One 2022Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of the Trichinella nematode. With a worldwide incidence of approximately 10,000 cases per year, Trichinella...
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of the Trichinella nematode. With a worldwide incidence of approximately 10,000 cases per year, Trichinella spiralis is responsible for most human infections. There are no specific signs or symptoms of this parasitic infection. Muscle biopsy is the gold diagnostic standard for trichinellosis, but the technique is invasive and unable to detect the early stage of infection. Although immunodiagnostics are also available, antibody detection usually occurs after 3 weeks and prolonged up to 19 years after the acute phase. Therefore, additional diagnostic biomarkers must be identified to improve trichinellosis diagnosis. This study aimed to measure concentration changes in mouse serum proteins prior to T. spiralis infection and 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection, and to identify T. spiralis circulating proteins and antigens using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Mouse muscle-related proteins including inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2, a protein involved in the response to muscle tissue damage, were up-regulated in mouse sera during the T. spiralis larvae invasion. Additionally, 33 circulatory parasite proteins were identified in infected mouse sera. Notably, T. spiralis long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 could be detected in the early stage of infection and peroxidasin-like protein was identified 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection. Seventeen T. spiralis circulating antigens were detected in mouse immune complexes, with PX domain protein being found 2, 4 and 8 weeks after infection. Because peroxidasin-like protein and PX domain protein were detected at all post-infection time points, sequence alignments of these proteins were performed, which showed they are conserved among Trichinella spp. and have less similarity to the human and murine sequences. Integrative analysis of T. spiralis biomarkers throughout the course of infection may reveal additional diagnostic targets to improve early diagnosis of trichinellosis.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Antigens, Helminth; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Helminth Proteins; Larva; Mice; Muscle Proteins; Trichinella; Trichinella spiralis; Trichinellosis
PubMed: 35271623
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265013 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2018
Review
Topics: Animals; Dermatology; Hair Diseases; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mycoses; Parasitic Diseases; Trichinellosis
PubMed: 29243672
DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_1019_16 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Oct 2021Trichinellosis (trichinosis) is a parasitic infection caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Pigs are the most common source of human infection. We describe a...
Trichinellosis (trichinosis) is a parasitic infection caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Pigs are the most common source of human infection. We describe a case of a 47-year-old woman presented with a wide range of intermittent symptoms including prolonged fever, dry cough, diarrhea, rash, myalgias and arthralgias. The patient was attended by physicians with various medical specialties such as dermatologists, rheumatologists and allergiologists, but they did not establish a certain diagnosis because of the gradual onset of symptoms, raising the suspicion of a systematic disease. After extensive work up, the diagnosis of trichinosis was established with femoral muscle biopsy compatible with inflammatory myopathy of parasitic etiology with trichinosis to be the predominant diagnosis. Despite the significant delay of diagnosis for almost three months, patient was treated successfully with no further complications. Trichinellosis is a food-borne treatable infection. Preventive measures include community education especially in zones where parasite prevalence is increased, improvement of farming and cooking techniques.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Diarrhea; Female; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Swine; Trichinella; Trichinellosis
PubMed: 34724769
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.497 -
Canadian Journal of Public Health =... 2000Repeated serological and parasitological analyses of commercially raised swine have shown the Canadian swine herd to be free of Trichinella in recent years in all... (Review)
Review
Repeated serological and parasitological analyses of commercially raised swine have shown the Canadian swine herd to be free of Trichinella in recent years in all regions of the country except for sporadic cases from one community in Nova Scotia. Nevertheless, approximately 18 cases of human trichinellosis are reported each year in Canada. Cases are generally attributed to the consumption of infected meat from wildlife. Many surveys for Trichinella in wildlife have been conducted but their results are frequently limited to a few hosts or are limited in geographic range; nonetheless, they suggest that in some regions of Canada, trichinellosis appears to be common in some wildlife species. This literature review identifies two regions of Canada where sylvatic trichinellosis is prevalent and correlates with human cases. The occurrence of Trichinella in wildlife is significant from the point of view of public health as all known biotypes of the parasite can infect people.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Canada; Food Chain; Humans; Prevalence; Trichinellosis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 10986789
DOI: 10.1007/BF03404292