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Current Protocols in Bioinformatics Jun 2016Comparative protein structure modeling predicts the three-dimensional structure of a given protein sequence (target) based primarily on its alignment to one or more...
Comparative protein structure modeling predicts the three-dimensional structure of a given protein sequence (target) based primarily on its alignment to one or more proteins of known structure (templates). The prediction process consists of fold assignment, target-template alignment, model building, and model evaluation. This unit describes how to calculate comparative models using the program MODELLER and how to use the ModBase database of such models, and discusses all four steps of comparative modeling, frequently observed errors, and some applications. Modeling lactate dehydrogenase from Trichomonas vaginalis (TvLDH) is described as an example. The download and installation of the MODELLER software is also described. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Models, Molecular; Protein Conformation; Proteins; Sequence Alignment; Software; Trichomonas vaginalis
PubMed: 27322406
DOI: 10.1002/cpbi.3 -
Current Opinion in Pediatrics Aug 2020Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium) and Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), sexually transmitted infections that remain non-reportable in the United States, may lead... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium) and Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), sexually transmitted infections that remain non-reportable in the United States, may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and adverse pregnancy outcomes if left untreated. Prevalence estimates have highlighted socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in rates of infection. This review summarizes the recent literature on M. genitalium and T. vaginalis with a focus on the epidemiology, screening, and treatment of M. genitalium and T. vaginalis.
RECENT FINDINGS
The burden of T. vaginalis testing remains on women. Antimicrobial resistance is of great concern for M. genitalium. Comprehensive screening and treatment guidelines present an opportunity to address these public health concerns.
SUMMARY
M. genitalium and T. vaginalis infections disproportionately affect sexual and racial/ethnic minorities and those facing socioeconomic disparities. The availability of nucleic acid amplification test testing has facilitated accurate diagnosis of both disorders. Safe and efficacious treatments are available for treatment of both disorders. Integrating macrolide resistance testing into treatment algorithms for M. genitalium and dual antibiotic therapy may prove a useful strategy for future US-based guidance. Public health reporting and increased public awareness campaigns are key next steps to addressing the observed reproductive health disparities.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Macrolides; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Pregnancy; Public Health; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Trichomonas vaginalis
PubMed: 32520821
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000909 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Oct 2004Trichomoniasis is perhaps the most common curable sexually transmitted disease worldwide, yet few resources are devoted to its control. It is associated with potentially... (Review)
Review
Trichomoniasis is perhaps the most common curable sexually transmitted disease worldwide, yet few resources are devoted to its control. It is associated with potentially serious complications such as preterm birth and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition and transmission. The immunology of a related organism, Tritrichomonas foetus, which causes disease in cattle, has been investigated to some extent, but more work is needed for the human strain, Trichomonas vaginalis. In addition, although trichomoniasis is easily treated with oral metronidazole, there is concern that the number of strains resistant to this antibiotic are increasing, and currently no alternative is licensed in the United States. As more is appreciated concerning the important public health implications of this common infection, more work will need to be done in understanding the diagnosis, treatment, and immunology of this organism.
Topics: Animals; Antitrichomonal Agents; Female; Humans; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis
PubMed: 15489349
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.17.4.794-803.2004 -
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases Feb 2023Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan that causes trichomoniasis, a common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. T. vaginalis infection is asymptomatic in... (Review)
Review
Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan that causes trichomoniasis, a common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. T. vaginalis infection is asymptomatic in most infected men but can lead to chronic infection. The inflammatory response to chronic T. vaginalis infection may contribute to prostatic diseases, such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); however, studies on the relationship between T. vaginalis infection and prostate diseases are scarce. In this review, we discuss evidence from our studies on the involvement of T. vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostate diseases, such as prostatitis and BPH. Studies of prostatitis have demonstrated that the attachment of T. vaginalis trophozoite to prostate epithelial cells (PECs) induces inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory cell migration, leading to prostatitis. T. vaginalis also causes pathological changes, such as inflammatory cell infiltration, acinar changes, interstitial fibrosis, and mast cell infiltration, in prostate tissues of infected rats. Thus, T. vaginalis is considered an infectious agent that triggers prostatitis. Meanwhile, studies of prostatic hyperplasia revealed that mast cells activated by T. vaginalis-infected prostate cells secreted inflammatory mediators, such as β-hexosaminidase and tryptase, which promoted proliferation of prostate stromal cell (PSC). Moreover, interleukin-6 produced by proliferating PSCs induced the multiplication of BPH-1 epithelial cells as a result of stromal-epithelial interaction, suggesting that the proliferation of T. vaginalis-infected prostate cells can be induced through crosstalk with mast cells. These collective findings suggest that T. vaginalis contributes to the progression of prostatitis and prostatic hyperplasia by creating an inflammatory microenvironment involving PECs and PSCs.
Topics: Male; Humans; Rats; Animals; Trichomonas vaginalis; Prostatitis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Trichomonas Infections; Prostate
PubMed: 37170459
DOI: 10.3347/PHD.22160 -
European Journal of Obstetrics,... Jul 2011Trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted disease, caused by a motile flagellate non-invasive parasitic protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis).... (Review)
Review
Trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted disease, caused by a motile flagellate non-invasive parasitic protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis). More than 160 million people worldwide are annually infected by this protozoan. T. vaginalis occupies an extracellular niche in the complex human genito-urinary environment (vagina, cervix, penis, prostate gland, and urethra) to survive, multiply and evade host defenses. T. vaginalis (strain G3) has a ∼160 megabase genome with 60,000 genes, the largest number of genes ever identified in protozoans. The T. vaginalis genome is a highly conserved gene family that encodes a massive proteome with one of the largest coding (expressing ∼4000 genes) capacities in the trophozoite stage, and helps T. vaginalis to adapt and survive in diverse environment. Based on recent developments in the field, we review T. vaginalis structure, patho-mechanisms, parasitic virulence, and advances in diagnosis and therapeutics.
Topics: Antitrichomonal Agents; Female; Humans; Male; Nitroimidazoles; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Trichomonas vaginalis
PubMed: 21440359
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.02.024 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2017The last estimated annual incidence of worldwide exceeds that of chlamydia and gonorrhea combined. This critical review updates the state of the art on advances in... (Review)
Review
The last estimated annual incidence of worldwide exceeds that of chlamydia and gonorrhea combined. This critical review updates the state of the art on advances in diagnostics and strategies for treatment and prevention of trichomoniasis. In particular, new data on treatment outcomes for topical administration of formulations are reviewed and discussed.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Antiprotozoal Agents; Humans; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis
PubMed: 28539504
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00109-16 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jan 2016Trichomonas vaginalis infection is highly prevalent in the United States and worldwide. Traditional clinical diagnostic methods fail to identify more than half of these... (Review)
Review
Trichomonas vaginalis infection is highly prevalent in the United States and worldwide. Traditional clinical diagnostic methods fail to identify more than half of these infections that, if left untreated, can result in adverse pregnancy outcomes and an exacerbated risk of both acquisition and transmission of HIV. Women bear a disproportionate amount of the burden of these infections, and testing among populations at risk for this disease should be provided. Molecular technologies have expanded our capacity for laboratory-based detection of infection and can be used on samples already being collected for chlamydia/gonorrhea screening.
Topics: Global Health; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis
PubMed: 26491181
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02025-15 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Oct 2023Trichomonas vaginalis is a human infective parasite responsible for trichomoniasis-the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted infection worldwide. T. vaginalis...
Trichomonas vaginalis is a human infective parasite responsible for trichomoniasis-the most common, non-viral, sexually transmitted infection worldwide. T. vaginalis resides exclusively in the urogenital tract of both men and women. In women, T. vaginalis has been found colonizing the cervix and vaginal tract while in men it has been identified in the upper and lower urogenital tract and in secreted fluids such as semen, urethral discharge, urine, and prostatic fluid. Despite the over 270 million cases of trichomoniasis annually worldwide, T. vaginalis continues to be a highly neglected organism and thus poorly studied. Here we have developed a male mouse model for studying T. vaginalis pathogenesis in vivo by delivering parasites into the murine urogenital tract (MUT) via transurethral catheterization. Parasite burden was assessed ex-vivo using a nanoluciferase-based gene expression assay which allowed quantification of parasites pre- and post-inoculation. Using this model and read-out approach, we show that T. vaginalis can be found within MUT tissue up to 72 hrs post-inoculation. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that parasites that exhibit increased parasite adherence in vitro also have higher parasite burden in mice in vivo. These data provide evidence that parasite adherence to host cells aids in parasite persistence in vivo and molecular determinants found to correlate with host cell adherence in vitro are applicable to infection in vivo. Finally, we show that co-inoculation of T. vaginalis extracellular vesicles (TvEVs) and parasites results in higher parasite burden in vivo. These findings confirm our previous in vitro-based predictions that TvEVs assist the parasite in colonizing the host. The establishment of this pathogenesis model for T. vaginalis sets the stage for identifying and examining parasite factors that contribute to and influence infection outcomes.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Animals; Mice; Trichomonas vaginalis; Parasites; Trichomonas Infections; Vagina; Extracellular Vesicles
PubMed: 37871037
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011693 -
Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey Jan 2013Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Annually, 7.4 million new infections are estimated in the United States,... (Review)
Review
Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Annually, 7.4 million new infections are estimated in the United States, which is greater than combined new cases of Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of HIV acquisition have been linked to TV infection. There are several sensitive and specific diagnostic tests available, including a newly approved nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) that utilizes the same instrumentation platform and clinical sample as Chlamydia and gonorrhea tests. In this article, we review TV pathogenicity, adverse reproductive health outcomes, detection, and treatment followed by clinical scenarios for which TV diagnosis may prove useful in obstetrics and gynecology practice.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Coinfection; Directive Counseling; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Metronidazole; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Outcome; Reproductive Health Services; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Trichomonas vaginalis; United States; Women's Health
PubMed: 23322080
DOI: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e318279fb7d -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Feb 2012
Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antiprotozoal Agents; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Metronidazole; Povidone-Iodine; Tinidazole; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis
PubMed: 22339182
DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.159