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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024In recent years, the incidence of fungal infections in humans has increased dramatically, accompanied by an expansion in the number of species implicated as etiological... (Review)
Review
In recent years, the incidence of fungal infections in humans has increased dramatically, accompanied by an expansion in the number of species implicated as etiological agents, especially environmental fungi never involved before in human infection. Among fungal pathogens, species are the most common opportunistic fungi that can cause local and systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. () is the most common causative agent of mucosal and healthcare-associated systemic infections. However, during recent decades, there has been a worrying increase in the number of emerging multi-drug-resistant non- (NAC) species, i.e., , , , , , and . In particular, , also known as or , is a heterothallic ascomycete yeast-like fungus that has received attention in recent decades as a cause of local and systemic fungal diseases. Today, the new definition of the complex, which consists of , , and , was proposed after sequencing the 18S rRNA gene. Currently, the complex is mostly associated with non-severe ear and eye infections, although a few cases of severe candidemia have been reported in immunocompromised individuals. Low susceptibility to currently available antifungal drugs is a rising concern, especially in NAC species. In this regard, a high rate of resistance to azoles and more recently also to echinocandins has emerged in the complex. This review focuses on epidemiological, biological, and clinical aspects of the complex, including its pathogenicity and drug resistance.
PubMed: 38667965
DOI: 10.3390/jof10040294 -
G3 (Bethesda, Md.) Dec 2019Infections caused by opportunistic yeast pathogens have increased over the last years. These infections can be originated by a large number of diverse yeast species of...
Infections caused by opportunistic yeast pathogens have increased over the last years. These infections can be originated by a large number of diverse yeast species of varying incidence, and with distinct clinically relevant phenotypic traits, such as different susceptibility profiles to antifungal drugs, which challenge diagnosis and treatment. (syn. ) and (syn. ) are two opportunistic rare yeast pathogens, which low incidence (< 1%) limits available clinical experience. Furthermore, these yeasts have elevated Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) levels to at least one class of antifungal agents. This makes it more difficult to manage their infections, and thus they are associated with high rates of mortality and clinical failure. With the aim of improving our knowledge on these opportunistic pathogens, we assembled and annotated their genomes. A phylogenomics approach revealed that genes specifically duplicated in each of the two species are often involved in transmembrane transport activities. These genomes and the reconstructed complete catalog of gene phylogenies and homology relationships constitute useful resources for future studies on these pathogens.
Topics: Candida; Genome Size; Genome, Fungal; Genome, Mitochondrial; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 31575637
DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400762 -
Mycopathologia Apr 2013The aim of the study was a quantitative and qualitative analysis of microflora, presentation of current data about prevalence of the microflora on the skin and mucous...
The aim of the study was a quantitative and qualitative analysis of microflora, presentation of current data about prevalence of the microflora on the skin and mucous membranes, and determination of its possible effect on reproduction of English full blood horses bred in Poland. The material for analyses was sampled from the skin and mucous membranes (385 samples) of 55 English full blood mares. Taking into account reproduction traits, the mares were classified into three groups. Six yeast-like species, including five species from the genus Candida (C. albicans, C. guiliermondii, C. lusitaniae, C. sp., and C. tropicalis) and Trichomonascus ciferrii, were detected on the skin and mucous membranes in the English full blood mares. Growth of yeasts was observed in more than half of the samples taken from mares that had foaled and approximately 46 % of non-conceiving and barren mares. The high prevalence of various yeast strains in the mouth, nostrils, and collateral groove may suggest widespread occurrence of the microflora in the breeding environment. The results obtained indicate that the yeasts isolated in this study may be components of the normal microflora of the skin and mucous membranes in horses. The analysis results do not indicate unambiguously that the isolated microflora affects reproduction in mares, although this cannot be excluded.
Topics: Animals; Female; Horses; Mucous Membrane; Poland; Prevalence; Saccharomycetales; Skin
PubMed: 23344719
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9615-6