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Mycopathologia Jun 2017Infections caused by Trichophyton rubrum are very common in dermatological disease. It most often appears as superficial cutaneous mycosis, such as tinea manuum, tinea... (Review)
Review
Infections caused by Trichophyton rubrum are very common in dermatological disease. It most often appears as superficial cutaneous mycosis, such as tinea manuum, tinea pedis, and tinea corporis. However, deep infection caused by T. rubrum was rarely reported. We describe a case of mixed type of deep infection caused by T. rubrum in a 45-year-old man with no significant immunodeficiency. This patient had a history of onychomycosis on the toenails without regular treatment for nearly 6 years. And, he had erythema, papule, and nodules on the submandibular area, neck, and chest for almost 1 year. After treated with intravenous infusion of cefotiam for 2 weeks, the lesion aggravated. The fungal direct microscopic examination of pyogenic fluid was positive, and the fungal cultures that produced reddish-brown and yellow pigment showed cottony, wooly, and white colony. After the DNA sequencing, it was identified as T. rubrum. We gave the patient oral terbinafine 250 mg per day and bifonazole cream for external use. Six months later, the patient's skin lesion was disappeared, and healthy nail growth was seen in two-thirds of nail bed. The terbinafine is effective against deep infection caused by T. rubrum.
Topics: Dermatomycoses; Granuloma; Humans; Male; Microbiological Techniques; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 28004227
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0099-z -
Cureus Dec 2021A 29-year-old patient with Behçet's disease based on three major criteria (i.e., oral ulceration, genital ulceration, and eye lesion) presented with intractable...
A 29-year-old patient with Behçet's disease based on three major criteria (i.e., oral ulceration, genital ulceration, and eye lesion) presented with intractable pruritus associated with pinpoint red nodules involving the hair follicles of the back along with steroid-refractory local treatment. Simple light microscopic examination of a skin scraping revealed fungal contamination, and culture on Sabouraud's medium confirmed as the agent of folliculitis. Behçet's disease is characterized by recurrent attacks of acute inflammation. Although the diagnosis of sterile folliculitis-like disorder is currently retained among patients with Behçet's disease, especially in the lower part of the body, it resembles dermatophytic folliculitis, which can be related to immunosuppressive therapy. Hence, patients with recalcitrant folliculitis predominating on the back who are receiving immunosuppressive treatment should be evaluated for fungal infection, as recognition of this disease may enable earlier diagnosis and treatment.
PubMed: 35028231
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20349 -
Microbial Genomics Nov 2021The medically relevant species complex has a variety of phenotypic presentations but shows relatively little genetic differences. Conventional barcodes, such as the...
The medically relevant species complex has a variety of phenotypic presentations but shows relatively little genetic differences. Conventional barcodes, such as the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region or the beta-tubulin gene, are not able to completely resolve the relationships between these closely related taxa. , and are currently accepted as separate species. However, the status of certain variants, including the morphotypes and and the morphotype , remains to be deciphered. We conducted the first phylogenomic analysis of the species complex by studying 3105 core genes of 18 new strains from the BCCM/IHEM culture collection and nine publicly available genomes. Our analyses revealed a highly resolved phylogenomic tree with six separate clades. , and were confirmed in their status of species. The morphotypes and all grouped in their own respective clade with high support, suggesting that these morphotypes should be reinstituted to the species-level. Robinson-Foulds distance analyses showed that a combination of two markers (a ubiquitin-protein transferase and a MYB DNA-binding domain-containing protein) can mirror the phylogeny obtained using genomic data, and thus represent potential new markers to accurately distinguish the species belonging to the complex.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Phylogeny; Trichophyton
PubMed: 34730487
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000707 -
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur... Oct 2021In recent years, therapy-refractory courses of dermatophytoses have increasingly become the focus of attention. The most frequent pathogens are Trichophyton (T.) rubrum... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In recent years, therapy-refractory courses of dermatophytoses have increasingly become the focus of attention. The most frequent pathogens are Trichophyton (T.) rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. In addition to local therapy, first-line treatment includes terbinafine, an allylamine antifungal agent that acts by inhibiting squalene epoxidase and thus interfering with ergosterol synthesis. In refractory cases, terbinafine resistance due to point mutation in the squalene epoxidase gene has been frequently detected.
OBJECTIVES
The aim is to present specific aspects in the epidemiology of dermatophytoses with terbinafine resistance and to illustrate them on the basis of four patient cases including diagnostic procedures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A review of handbook knowledge, a selective literature search, and a review of four patient cases were performed.
RESULTS
Detection of the terbinafine resistance was performed by in vitro testing using the breakpoint method as well as sequencing of the Trichophyton isolate and detection of the point mutation with amino acid substitution at position L393F or F397L of squalene epoxidase.
CONCLUSION
In refractory and recurrent dermatophytoses, terbinafine resistance should be considered, especially in T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum, and in vitro resistance testing of the dermatophyte and point mutation analysis of squalene epoxidase (SQLE) should be performed. Therapeutically, intermittent administration of itraconazole in combination with antifungal local therapy is recommended. Nevertheless, a recurrent course is to be expected and long-term therapy with itraconazole is usually necessary.
Topics: Arthrodermataceae; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Humans; Onychomycosis; Terbinafine; Trichophyton
PubMed: 34459941
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-021-04879-1 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Apr 2022The multi-antifungal drug-resistant strain (NUBS21012) of Trichophyton rubrum was isolated from a patient with recurrent tinea corporis. The resistant strain encoded Phe...
The multi-antifungal drug-resistant strain (NUBS21012) of Trichophyton rubrum was isolated from a patient with recurrent tinea corporis. The resistant strain encoded Phe at codon 393 instead of Leu (L393F) in the squalene epoxidase () gene. The expression of genes encoding ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins increased in the strain compared to that of other strains. This result provides evidence that ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins are closely associated with azole resistance.
Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Antifungal Agents; Arthrodermataceae; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Terbinafine; Trichophyton
PubMed: 35341316
DOI: 10.1128/aac.02393-21 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2015Manifestations of infestations, such as tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis, are among the most common human skin diseases seen throughout the world. About... (Review)
Review
Manifestations of infestations, such as tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis, are among the most common human skin diseases seen throughout the world. About 80% of patients presenting with acute dermatophytosis respond well to topical antifungal treatment. However, the remaining 20% of patients progress into a chronic state of dermatophytosis, which is resistant to antifungal treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to have a better understanding and appreciation for the diverse immune responses to Trichophyton as this is critical for the development of therapeutic strategies for those individuals who suffer from a chronic manifestation of () infection. As a result, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to review and discuss previous studies that evaluated the human body's defense to infections and to understand why and how these fungal infections invade the host defense system. Our research revealed that a cell-mediated immune response is critical in defending the body against . However, this organism has mechanisms that enable it to evade the immune system. Therefore, a more successful treatment for chronic infection would involve targeting the mechanisms of that diminish the immune response, while restoring the cell-mediated immune response.
PubMed: 29376904
DOI: 10.3390/jof1020130 -
Virulence 2015
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mice; Tinea; Trichophyton
PubMed: 26065321
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1027480 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2021Conventional methods of onychomycosis treatment are ineffective in some cases because the cure of onychomycosis very often depends on the patient's individual response...
Conventional methods of onychomycosis treatment are ineffective in some cases because the cure of onychomycosis very often depends on the patient's individual response to the treatment; therefore, there is a crucial need to research and develop new methods of onychomycosis therapy. One of the most innovative treatments is photodynamic therapy (PDT) using photosensitizers (PSs). However, effective treatment depends on the correct choice of photosensitizer and substances that improve the characteristics of the final formulation. The aim of our work was to find an effective formulation for the treatment of onychomycosis. To achieve this goal, we tested the effect of three types of PSs, rose Bengal (RB), malachite green oxalate (MGO), and methylene blue (MB), on . The most effective PS was RB, and so the study was continued with . Additional comparative studies were carried out on substances included in the formulation (urea and thiourea), focusing on their antifungal activity, which can improve penetration through the nail plate. The composition of the formulation that achieved 100% eradication of under our conditions consisted of 150 μM RB, 5% urea, and 0.5% thiourea in glycerol/water (70/30%, /) solution. A white luminescent lamp was used as a light source (1.9 ± 0.1 mW cm). Stability of the formulation was checked. The selected formulation shows potential for future simplification and acceleration of PDT treatment of onychomycosis.
PubMed: 33668866
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030263 -
The Journal of Antibiotics Mar 2021Coptis alkaloids show potent antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), which was a Tinea pedis fungus, but little of the literature was reported to...
Coptis alkaloids show potent antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), which was a Tinea pedis fungus, but little of the literature was reported to investigate the antifungal activity of magnoflorine against it. Meanwhile, the potential mechanism of magnoflorine against T. rubrum is unknown. In the present study, we found that Coptis alkaloids, especially magnoflorine had significant antifungal activities against T. rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophyte (T. mentagrophyte). The MIC values of magnoflorine against T. rubrum and T. mentagrophyte were both 62.5 μg ml, but magnoflorine exerted a better fungicidal efficiency against T. rubrum than T. mentagrophyte. Magnoflorine inhibited the conidia germination and hyphal growth, and changed the mycelial morphology such as deformation growth, surface peeling, and cytoplasmic contraction in T. rubrum. Magnoflorine had no significant effect on cell wall integrity. However, magnoflorine destroyed the fungal cell membrane of T. rubrum through increasing the nucleic acid leakage, reducing the activities of squalene epoxidase and CYP51 enzyme, and decreasing the content of ergosterol in hyphae. Our study supported the potential use of magnoflorine as an antifungal agent against T. rubrum and made contributions to the clinical application of magnoflorine against fungi.
Topics: Alkaloids; Antifungal Agents; Aporphines; Arthrodermataceae; Coptis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 33082529
DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-00380-4 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Tinea
PubMed: 37391261
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00835-0