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Medical Mycology Journal 2022This review describes the changes in yeast species names in the previous decade. Several yeast species have been reclassified to accommodate the "One fungus=One name"... (Review)
Review
This review describes the changes in yeast species names in the previous decade. Several yeast species have been reclassified to accommodate the "One fungus=One name" (1F=1N) principle of the Code. As the names of medically important yeasts have also been reviewed and revised, details of the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, and Trichosporon are described in Section 3, along with the history of name changes. Since the phylogenetic positions of Candida species in several clades have not been clarified, revision of this species has not been completed. Among the species that remain unrevised despite their importance in the medical field, we propose the transfer of six Candida species to be reclassified in the Nakaseomyces clade, including Nakaseomyces glabratus and Nakaseomyces nivalensis.
Topics: Trichosporon; Malassezia; Cryptococcus; Candida; Phylogeny
PubMed: 36450564
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.22.004 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Apr 2014The mortality associated with invasive fungal infections remains high with that involving rare yeast pathogens other than Candida being no exception. This is in part due...
The mortality associated with invasive fungal infections remains high with that involving rare yeast pathogens other than Candida being no exception. This is in part due to the severe underlying conditions typically predisposing patients to these healthcare-related infections (most often severe neutropenia in patients with haematological malignancies), and in part due to the often challenging intrinsic susceptibility pattern of the pathogens that potentially leads to delayed appropriate antifungal treatment. A panel of experts of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG) and the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) undertook a data review and compiled guidelines for the diagnostic tests and procedures for detection and management of rare invasive yeast infections. The rare yeast pathogens were defined and limited to the following genera/species: Cryptococcus adeliensis, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cryptococcus flavescens, Cryptococcus laurentii and Cryptococcus uniguttulatus (often published under the name Filobasidium uniguttulatum), Malassezia furfur, Malassezia globosa, Malassezia pachydermatis and Malassezia restricta, Pseudozyma spp., Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula minuta and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Sporobolomyces spp., Trichosporon asahii, Trichosporon asteroides, Trichosporon dermatis, Trichosporon inkin, Trichosporon jirovecii, Trichosporon loubieri, Trichosporon mucoides and Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans and ascomycetous ones: Geotrichum candidum, Kodamaea ohmeri, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (incl. S. boulardii) and Saprochaete capitatae (Magnusiomyces (Blastoschizomyces) capitatus formerly named Trichosporon capitatum or Geotrichum (Dipodascus) capitatum) and Saprochaete clavata. Recommendations about the microbiological investigation and detection of invasive infection were made and current knowledge on the most appropriate antifungal and supportive treatment was reviewed. In addition, remarks about antifungal susceptibility testing were made.
Topics: Humans; Mycoses; Rare Diseases
PubMed: 24102785
DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12360 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Persister cells are metabolically inactive dormant cells that lie within microbial biofilms. They are phenotypic variants highly tolerant to antimicrobials and,...
Persister cells are metabolically inactive dormant cells that lie within microbial biofilms. They are phenotypic variants highly tolerant to antimicrobials and, therefore, associated with recalcitrant infections. In the present study, we investigated if and are able to produce persister cells. spp. are ubiquitous fungi, commonly found as commensals of the human skin and gut microbiota, and have been increasingly reported as agents of fungemia in immunocompromised patients. Biofilms derived from clinical strains of (n=5) and (n=7) were formed in flat-bottomed microtiter plates and incubated at 35°C for 48 h, treated with 100 μg/ml amphotericin B (AMB) and incubated at 35°C for additional 24 h. Biofilms were scraped from the wells and persister cells were assayed for susceptibility to AMB. Additionally, we investigated if these persister cells were able to generate new biofilms and studied their ultrastructure and AMB susceptibility. Persister cells were detected in both and biofilms and showed tolerance to high doses of AMB (up to 256 times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration). Persister cells were able to generate biofilms, however they presented reduced biomass and metabolic activity, and reduced tolerance to AMB, in comparison to biofilm growth control. The present study describes the occurrence of persister cells in spp. and suggests their role in the reduced AMB susceptibility of . and biofilms.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Basidiomycota; Biofilms; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Trichosporon
PubMed: 33968802
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.645812 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2017Fungi of the genus are increasingly recognized as causative agents of superficial and invasive fungal disease in humans. Although most species are considered commensals... (Review)
Review
Fungi of the genus are increasingly recognized as causative agents of superficial and invasive fungal disease in humans. Although most species are considered commensals of the human skin and gastrointestinal tract, these basidiomycetes are an increasing cause of fungal disease among immunocompromised hosts, such as hematological patients and solid organ transplant recipients. The initiation of commensal or pathogenic programs by spp. involves the adaptation to the host microenvironment and its immune system. However, the exact virulence factors activated upon the transition to a pathogenic lifestyle, including the intricate biology of the cell wall, and how these interact with and subvert the host immune responses remain largely unknown. Here, we revisit our current understanding of the virulence attributes of spp., particularly , and their interaction with the host immune system, and accommodate this knowledge within novel perspectives on fungal diagnostics and therapeutics.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Trichosporon; Trichosporonosis; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 28439501
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00118 -
Cureus Aug 2021species are basidiomycetous yeast-like organisms found ubiquitous in nature. They are increasingly been recognized as opportunistic pathogens capable of causing... (Review)
Review
species are basidiomycetous yeast-like organisms found ubiquitous in nature. They are increasingly been recognized as opportunistic pathogens capable of causing life-threatening invasive diseases (trichosporonosis), especially in immuno-suppressed patients and rarely in immuno-competent patients too. Earlier multiple members of the genus were clubbed together as but after the advent of molecular techniques, more than 50 different subspecies and around 16 different strains causing human diseases are reported. It is known to cause a wide range of diseases, from superficial to probable and proven invasive diseases to summer hypersensitivity. The ability of strains to form biofilms on implanted devices, glucuronoxylomannan in their cell walls, and production of proteases and lipases lead to the virulence of this genus. This ubiquitous fungus exhibits intrinsic resistance to echinocandins, variable minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for amphotericin B, and moderate susceptibility to fluconazole and Itraconazole, which are the commonly used anti-fungal agents for any invasive fungal infections which lead to the re-emergence of this notorious yet neglected pathogen and hence the reports of breakthrough infections among patients receiving these antifungals. This review is to understand the epidemiological, clinical details, and antifungal susceptibility pattern of various infections and it highlights the importance of early detection and treatment for this emerging yeast and also will add to the ongoing surveillance for the anti-fungal susceptibility pattern for this fungus.
PubMed: 34567886
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17345 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Oct 2020
PubMed: 33087545
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00454-20 -
Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and... 2003Isolation of Trichosporon species from vaginal secretions is a rare event, and no data are available on its pathogenic role. A case series is presented to determine the...
OBJECTIVE
Isolation of Trichosporon species from vaginal secretions is a rare event, and no data are available on its pathogenic role. A case series is presented to determine the pathogenic role of Trichosporon species in vulvovaginal infections.
METHODS
We performed a retrospective chart review of patients seen in the W.S.U. Vaginitis Clinic in order to identify patients from whom Trichosporon species were isolated.
RESULTS
Between 1986 and 2001, a total of 13 patients had a total of 18 positive vaginal cultures for Trichosporon species. All 18 vaginal isolates were T. inkin. In general, positive vaginal cultures were accompanied by low yeast colony counts. Four out of 18 positive T. inkin cultures were obtained from visits by asymptomatic patients. Of the remaining 14 positive T. inkin cultures from patients with symptoms, nine out of 14 cultures had other diagnoses (Candida albicans, six cases; bacterial vaginosis, two cases; Trichomonas, one case). Five positive T. inkin cultures were obtained from visits at which patients had symptoms and no associated diagnosis. In only one of the five episodes could we establish a clear pathogenic role for Trichosporon. In this case the patient was treated with boric acid and had resolution of symptoms and a negative culture at follow-up. In-vitro susceptibility tests revealed that T. inkin was resistant to flucytosine and susceptible to all topical and oral azoles.
CONCLUSIONS
T. inkin is occasionally found in vulvovaginal cultures and is usually a non-pathogen. Transient colonization tended to occur in women, usually of African-American origin, with major perturbations in vaginal flora (bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis) and increased pH. Pathogenic consequences of Trichosporon colonization appear to be rare.
Topics: Adult; Black or African American; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Colony Count, Microbial; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mycoses; Retrospective Studies; Trichosporon; Vagina; Vaginal Diseases
PubMed: 14627220
DOI: 10.1080/10647440300025510 -
Current Medical Mycology Mar 2021species are ubiquitous in nature which are associated with fatal opportunistic invasive infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. The present study aimed to...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
species are ubiquitous in nature which are associated with fatal opportunistic invasive infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical details, as well as the antifungal susceptibility pattern of the patients with infections.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In total, 50 clinical isolates of from various samples were included in this study. The samples were isolated over a period of 18 months from patients in a tertiary hospital in North India. The isolates were characterised phenotypically with Vitek MS (bioMérieux, France). spp. were isolated from urine (30%), nail (30%), tissue (16%), pleural fluid (14%), and sputum (5%). In total, majority of the isolates were of (92%), followed by (6%), and (2%). It is noteworthy that most of the reported cases were from intensive care unit (34%).
RESULTS
Intravenous catheters, antibiotics, and antifungal uptake were significantly associated risk factors with infection. All invasive isolates were observed to be resistant to caspofungin and exhibited high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against amphotericin B, fluconazole, and 5-flucytosine. The MICs for voriconazole and posaconazole were low.
CONCLUSION
Trichosporonosis is being increasingly reported all around the world, including India. The results of this study highlighted the importance of early detection and treatment for this emerging yeast and also added to the ongoing surveillance for the antifungal susuceptibility pattern for this fungus.
PubMed: 34553093
DOI: 10.18502/cmm.7.1.6179 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2021The microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals is inhabited by a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. In cases where there is...
The microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals is inhabited by a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. In cases where there is an imbalance in the normal microflora or an immunosuppression on the part of the host, these opportunistic microorganisms can cause severe infections. The study presented here evaluates the biochemical and antifungal susceptibility features of spp., uncommon non- strains isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of healthy turkeys. The and accounted for 7.7% of all fungi isolates. The biochemical tests showed that had active esterase (C4), esterase-lipase (C8) valine arylamidase, naphthol-AS-BI phosphohydrolase, α-galactosidase, and β-glucosidase. Likewise, demonstrated esterase-lipase (C8), lipase (C14), valine arylamidase, naphthol-AS-BI phosphohydrolase, α-galactosidase, and β-glucosidase activity. and isolated from turkeys were itraconazole resistant and amphotericin B, fluconazole, and voriconazole susceptible. Compared with human isolates, the MIC range and MIC values of turkey isolates to itraconazole were in a higher range limit in both species, while MIC values to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and voriconazole were in a lower range limit. Furthermore, the obtained ITS1-5.8rRNA-ITS2 fragment sequences were identical with and sequences isolated from humans indicating that these isolates are shared pathogens.
PubMed: 33946204
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050538