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Veterinary World Oct 2022Gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly nematode infection, is a major health issue affecting goats worldwide, resulting in clinical diseases and productivity loss.... (Review)
Review
Gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly nematode infection, is a major health issue affecting goats worldwide, resulting in clinical diseases and productivity loss. Prevalent gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) affecting goats in South Africa are the , spp., and , especially the and spp. According to the issues discussed in this paper and by other authors, the prevalence and intensity of various GIPs vary with an animal's location, breed, age, sex, and season. Because GIPs easily develop resistance to chemical treatment, selecting and breeding genetically GIP-resistant animals would be a relatively simple and inexpensive strategy for reducing or eliminating the current reliance on chemotherapy. Potential phenotypic indicators for selecting GIP-resistant goats include parasitological, immunological, and pathological phenotypic markers. Synergistic use of these indicators should be encouraged for a more accurate simplified genotype selection of resistant animals. Genes with Mendelian inheritance, particularly those involved in immunoregulatory mechanisms, have been identified in goats. Exploring this knowledge base to develop cost-effective molecular tools that facilitate enhanced genetic improvement programs is a current challenge. Future statistical and biological models should investigate genetic variations within genomic regions and different candidate genes involved in immunoregulatory mechanisms, as well as the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms known to affect GIP infection levels.
PubMed: 36425130
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2442-2452 -
Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2022This study sought to make a literature review of the medicinal plants , L., L., L., and . with antiparasitic potential. Articles and theses were selected from the... (Review)
Review
This study sought to make a literature review of the medicinal plants , L., L., L., and . with antiparasitic potential. Articles and theses were selected from the LILACS, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases, which comprised the period from 2000 to 2021 (22 years). In all, 49 studies were selected, and the majority were with the plant L. (oregano), followed by L. (thyme). Twenty-five genera of parasites were detected, which were described being tested with phytotherapic. The nematode spp. was the most evaluated in these studies followed by the parasite genera , , and . All plants showed antiparasitic effects, with more or less action, therefore with the potential to continue research in the search for biomolecules to control these parasites.
PubMed: 36381138
DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm004722 -
International Journal For Parasitology Jul 2020This review addresses the research landscape regarding vaccines against scour worms, particularly Trichostrongylus spp. and Teladorsagia circumcincta. The inability of... (Review)
Review
This review addresses the research landscape regarding vaccines against scour worms, particularly Trichostrongylus spp. and Teladorsagia circumcincta. The inability of past research to deliver scour-worm vaccines with reliable and reproducible efficacy has been due in part to gaps in knowledge concerning: (i) host-parasite interactions leading to development of type-2 immunity, (ii) definition of an optimal suite of parasite antigens, and (iii) rational formulation and administration to induce protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) at the site of infestation. Recent 'omics' developments enable more systematic analyses. GIN genomes are reaching completion, facilitating "reverse vaccinology" approaches that have been used successfully for the Rhipicephalus australis vaccine for cattle tick, while methods for gene silencing and editing in GIN enable identification and validation of potential vaccine antigens. We envisage that any efficacious scour worm vaccine(s) would be adopted similarly to "Barbervax™" within integrated parasite management schemes. Vaccines would therefore effectively parallel the use of resistant animals, and reduce the frequency of drenching and pasture contamination. These aspects of integration, efficacy and operation require updated models and validation in the field. The conclusion of this review outlines an approach to facilitate an integrated research program.
Topics: Animals; Ostertagia; Ostertagiasis; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Ruminants; Trichostrongylosis; Trichostrongylus; Vaccines
PubMed: 32569640
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.003 -
Annals of Parasitology 2018This review summarizes known data on the species composition of nematodes in 24 species of rodents inhabiting the territory of Armenia (South of Lesser Caucasus). The... (Review)
Review
This review summarizes known data on the species composition of nematodes in 24 species of rodents inhabiting the territory of Armenia (South of Lesser Caucasus). The studied rodents include members of some cosmopolitan species (Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus), as well as endemic and narrow-areal species (Meriones vinogradovi, Spermophilus xanthoprymnus, Microtus schidlovskii, Mesocricetus brandti, Sciurus anomalus). The taxonomical identity of the nematode species reported by previous authors is discussed with regard to present knowledge about helminth fauna of rodents. Our review concludes that 34 nematode species are present in rodents in Armenia, five of which are identified for the first time in rodents from the territory of Armenia, and three of which (Trichinella spiralis, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus skrjabini) are able to parasitize humans.
Topics: Animals; Armenia; Gerbillinae; Humans; Mice; Nematoda; Rats; Sciuridae; Trichinella spiralis
PubMed: 30316207
DOI: 10.17420/ap6403.148 -
Journal of Parasitic Diseases :... Mar 2021Nematodes of genus can cause remarkable economic losses in the small ruminant`s industry and some species have a zoonotic potential. Since the most common source for...
Nematodes of genus can cause remarkable economic losses in the small ruminant`s industry and some species have a zoonotic potential. Since the most common source for human infection is the infected animals, accurate identification of different species in animals would reflect the species that can infect humans from the same area. The objective of the present study is to identify common species infecting small ruminants in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt using molecular-based techniques. Fecal samples from 340 sheep and 115 goats from rural areas in 3 cities of Dakahlia governorate and 2 cities at its borders were collected, and the strongyle-type eggs were detected in 33.2% and 14.7% of sheep and goats, respectively. PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA (ITS2 rDNA) for 3 spp.; , and was conducted for eggs harvested from 25 sheep and 16 goat samples. Two species were detected; (in 16 sheep and 14 goats) and (in 2 sheep but no goats). This is the first report of in sheep from Dakahlia governorate, where this species was reported earlier from humans. No was detected in any tested sample of sheep or goats. Purified PCR products of isolates were successfully sequenced and revealed 3 haplotypes; 2 from sheep and 1 from goats, and the isolates are related genetically to isolates from camels in Egypt. Phylogenetic analysis of the Genbank-retrieved ITS2-amplified isolates worldwide suggested the existence of genetic variants. Earlier reports on the identified spp. in different animals from Egypt as well as African and Arabian countries are tabulated.
PubMed: 33746407
DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01299-1 -
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia... 2021This review details the negative effects of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in sheep phosphorus metabolism and direct and indirect impacts from high excretion... (Review)
Review
This review details the negative effects of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in sheep phosphorus metabolism and direct and indirect impacts from high excretion from susceptible animals, as well as the advantages offered by precision feeding as potential strategies to mitigate loss. In sheep infected with T. colubriformis there is a high reduction in P bioavailability, because of depression in the absorptive capacity of this mineral, affecting the absorption and recycling of P to the digestive tract, causing mineral deficiency. Therefore, precision feeding compiles animal genetics information, feeding type and grazing management to control animal feed intake and quantity and quality of manure produced. In this sense, the adoption of precision feeding can provide a better arrangement of the information, making sheep production more economically, socially and environmentally sustainable.
Topics: Animals; Feces; Parasite Egg Count; Phosphorus; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Trichostrongylosis; Trichostrongylus
PubMed: 33729318
DOI: 10.1590/S1984-29612021001 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Apr 2022Loline, an alkaloid with several derivatives, has suggested antimicrobial and anthelmintic properties. Therefore, loline was investigated as a natural anthelmintic...
Loline, an alkaloid with several derivatives, has suggested antimicrobial and anthelmintic properties. Therefore, loline was investigated as a natural anthelmintic against , , and . Preliminary in vitro studies had reduced L3 establishment but no effect on L3 larvae migration or establishment. While loline-treated lambs had lower establishment of L4 and adult and L4 , L4 and adult appeared unaffected. Following preliminary study, an in vivo experiment examined lambs infected with a mix of L4 , , and adult . These lambs were treated with either a loline seed extract (LOL, = 7), nothing (CON, = 7), or a non-loline seed extract (NIL, = 2). There were no differences in worm burdens, fecal egg counts, weight gain, or feed intake between treatments. However, an average growth efficiency (kg LWG/kg DM intake) was detected ( = 0.01) in CON (0.18) which was less than LOL (0.24) or NIL (0.23). There was limited evidence to support an in vivo anti-parasitic effect of loline despite in vitro studies indicating potential benefits. Discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro studies results were potentially a result of loline contact time with larvae, mode of ingestion or the forms of loline present.
PubMed: 35454243
DOI: 10.3390/ani12080996 -
Journal of Parasitology Research 2022Gastrointestinal parasites and their anthelmintic resistance are major constraints to goat production in Ethiopia. Experimental investigation by faecal egg count...
Gastrointestinal parasites and their anthelmintic resistance are major constraints to goat production in Ethiopia. Experimental investigation by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and larval cultures were used to assess the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance in naturally infected goats with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in Haramaya, Ethiopia. One hundred goats with a minimum of 150 eggs per gram (EPG) count were selected and randomly divided into five groups, 20 goats in each group, four treated and one untreated group. The result of the faecal egg count reduction test percentage (FECRT%) and the lower 95% confidence limit showed the presence of anthelmintic resistance for all tested drugs except tetramisole. FECRT% and lower 95% confidence limit were 69.9% and 36.9 for albendazole, 84.3% and 66.1 for tetraclozan, 95.7% and 87.4 for tetramisole, and 71.1% and 38.2 for ivermectin, respectively. , , and showed anthelmintic resistance for tested drugs. Coproculture from different treatment groups revealed (69.2% in ivermectin and 59.6% in albendazole) were the predominant nematode followed by (21.9% in albendazole and 14.7% in ivermectin). In tetraclozan treatment group, (42%) and (41.3%) were comparable, followed by (13%). In group treated with tetramisole, (54.3%) were the most frequently detected nematode followed by (25.7%) and (11.4%). Therefore, this study demonstrated the presence of multidrug resistant nematodes that may limit the productivity of goats. Moreover, further studies covering wider areas of Ethiopia and mechanisms of nematode resistance need to be studied in the future.
PubMed: 35083085
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4025902 -
Parasite (Paris, France) 2021Anthelmintic overuse and failure to implement methods preventing the development and spread of anthelmintic resistance (AR) have led to an alarming increase of resistant...
Anthelmintic overuse and failure to implement methods preventing the development and spread of anthelmintic resistance (AR) have led to an alarming increase of resistant ovine trichostrongylids worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the routine anthelmintic treatment strategy was effective, to obtain insights into the frequency of AR in trichostrongylids of sheep in Austria, and to determine the presence of different trichostrongylid genera. On 30 sheep farms, the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was performed with the Mini-FLOTAC technique in two consecutive studies. In study 1, only fenbendazole and moxidectin were tested, while different compounds and products were used in study 2. Overall, 33 treatment groups were formed: 11 groups were treated with benzimidazoles (fenbendazole and albendazole), 2 groups with avermectins (ivermectin, doramectin), 18 groups with moxidectin, and two groups with monepantel. Reduced efficacy was detected in 64%, 100%, 28% and 50% of these groups, respectively. The most frequently detected genus in larval cultures was Haemonchus, which had been barely detected in Austria previously, followed by Trichostrongylus. Multispecific resistance of trichostrongylids in Austria seems to be on the rise and H. contortus was detected unexpectedly frequently in comparison to previous studies. There is an urgent need to develop efficient communication strategies aimed at improving the engagement of farmers and veterinarians in sustainable parasite control.
Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Austria; Drug Resistance; Feces; Haemonchus; Ivermectin; Parasite Egg Count; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 34114948
DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021048 -
PloS One 2021This is an epidemiological study on the gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) and Eimeria coccidia infections in Kazakh sheep and the F1 and F2 generations of Kazakh × Texel...
This is an epidemiological study on the gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) and Eimeria coccidia infections in Kazakh sheep and the F1 and F2 generations of Kazakh × Texel sheep crosses. A total of 7599 sheep fecal samples were collected from the Zhaosu County and Nilka County in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in the four seasons-spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 2019. The parasite causing the infection was identified by the saturated saline floating method, and the infection intensity was calculated by the modified McMaster method. SPSS19.0 was used to evaluate the differences in the fecal egg count (FEC) of for GIN and the fecal oocyst count (FOC) value of for coccidia per sample. The results showed that there were nine types of sheep GIN infections and Eimeria coccidia in these two counties of Ililocations, with the dominant parasite species of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., and Ostertagia spp as the predominant parasites in the sheep. Most of the GIN and coccidia infections in these two regions were mild and moderate. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection in the Zhaosu area was significantly higher than that in the Nilka area, whereas the mean log (FOC) of coccidia infection in Zhaosu was significantly lower than that of Nilka. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection in the four seasons was the highest in spring, followed by in summer, then in autumn, and the lowest in winter. The mean log (FOC) of coccidia infection was the highest in spring, followed by in autumn, and was the lowest in summer and winter. The mean log (FEC) of GIN infection and log (FOC) of coccidia infection of Kazakh sheep was significantly higher than the F1 generation, which was then significantly higher than the F2 generation of summer. A positive correlation was found between the EPG and OPG levels in the sheep. These results showed that the GIN and coccidia infection intensities of the F1 generation sheep of Kazakh ×Texel crosses were significantly lower than that of Kazakh sheep paving the way for marker-based resistance selection.
Topics: Animals; China; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Hybridization, Genetic; Male; Nematode Infections; Parasite Egg Count; Prospective Studies; Seasons; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 34010315
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251307