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Journal of Parasitic Diseases :... Mar 2021Nematodes of genus can cause remarkable economic losses in the small ruminant`s industry and some species have a zoonotic potential. Since the most common source for...
Nematodes of genus can cause remarkable economic losses in the small ruminant`s industry and some species have a zoonotic potential. Since the most common source for human infection is the infected animals, accurate identification of different species in animals would reflect the species that can infect humans from the same area. The objective of the present study is to identify common species infecting small ruminants in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt using molecular-based techniques. Fecal samples from 340 sheep and 115 goats from rural areas in 3 cities of Dakahlia governorate and 2 cities at its borders were collected, and the strongyle-type eggs were detected in 33.2% and 14.7% of sheep and goats, respectively. PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA (ITS2 rDNA) for 3 spp.; , and was conducted for eggs harvested from 25 sheep and 16 goat samples. Two species were detected; (in 16 sheep and 14 goats) and (in 2 sheep but no goats). This is the first report of in sheep from Dakahlia governorate, where this species was reported earlier from humans. No was detected in any tested sample of sheep or goats. Purified PCR products of isolates were successfully sequenced and revealed 3 haplotypes; 2 from sheep and 1 from goats, and the isolates are related genetically to isolates from camels in Egypt. Phylogenetic analysis of the Genbank-retrieved ITS2-amplified isolates worldwide suggested the existence of genetic variants. Earlier reports on the identified spp. in different animals from Egypt as well as African and Arabian countries are tabulated.
PubMed: 33746407
DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01299-1 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Aug 2013Human trichostrongylosis has been reported in Thailand. Recent reports in Lao People's Democratic Republic concerning species identification urged us to investigate...
Human trichostrongylosis has been reported in Thailand. Recent reports in Lao People's Democratic Republic concerning species identification urged us to investigate species distribution in Thailand. We report eight human cases in Thailand and Lao People's Democratic Republic that were found to be infected by Trichostrongylus colubriformis and T. axei identified and confirmed by molecular techniques. This evidence is the first molecular evidence of human T. colubriformis and T. axei infection in Thailand. Infection by these two species was apparently epidemic in these areas. It is necessary to proceed with more comprehensive veterinary and epidemiologic studies to enable the practical prevention and control of this parasitic zoonosis.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Helminth; Feces; Humans; Laos; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Species Specificity; Thailand; Trichostrongylosis; Trichostrongylus
PubMed: 23798585
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0113 -
BMC Veterinary Research Dec 2021This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and analyze the molecular characteristics based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 region of the...
BACKGROUND
This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and analyze the molecular characteristics based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 region of the ribosomal RNA (RNA) gene of trichostrongylid nematodes in different ruminants from Guilan province, northern of Iran.
METHODS
The gastrointestinal tracts of 144 ruminants including 72 cattle, 59 sheep, and 13 goats were collected from an abattoir in Guilan province during July to September 2018. After isolation the helminths, male specimens were identified based on morphological parameters. PCR and partial sequencing of the ITS2 fragment were conducted. After phylogenetic analysis, the intraspecific and interspecific differences were calculated.
RESULTS
The prevalence of total infections with the nematodes was 38.9, 74.6 and 84.6% among cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. Eleven species of trichostrongylid nematodes including Haemonchus contortus, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Ostertagia trifurcata, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Marshallagia occidentalis, O. lyrata, O. ostertagi, and Cooperia punctate were recovered from the ruminants. The most prevalent trichostrongyloid nematodes in cattle, sheep and goats were O. ostertagi (26.4%), M. marshalli (64.4%) and T. circumcincta (69.2%), respectively. Phylogenetic tree was discriminative for Trichostrongylidae family, while phylogenetic analysis of the ITS2 gene represented low variations and no species identification of Haemonchidae and Cooperiidae families.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests the high prevalence and species diversity of trichostrongyloid nematodes in different ruminants, indicating the importance of implement antiparasitic strategies in north regions of Iran. As well, this study showed that the ITS2 fragment is not a discriminative marker for Haemonchidae and Cooperiidae families, and investigation of other genetic markers such as mitochondrial genes would be more valuable for better understanding of their phylogenetic relationships.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Goats; Iran; Male; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Ruminants; Sheep; Trichostrongyloidea; Trichostrongyloidiasis
PubMed: 34863161
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03086-3 -
Parasites & Vectors Sep 2022Wildlife hosts may serve as reservoirs for strongyles, which can be transmitted to domestic livestock. Therefore, studies evaluating nemabiome compositions in wildlife...
BACKGROUND
Wildlife hosts may serve as reservoirs for strongyles, which can be transmitted to domestic livestock. Therefore, studies evaluating nemabiome compositions in wildlife ruminants are of great use in assessing the possibility of transmission of important nematode pathogens to domestic sheep in Sweden.
METHODS
First, fecal samples were collected from roe deer (n = 125), fallow deer (n = 106), red deer (n = 18) and mouflon (n = 13) in south central Sweden during the hunting season in 2019. Second, after fecal examination samples were cultured and the larvae were harvested, followed by DNA extractions. Third, all samples were barcoded and processed for sequence analysis on the PacBio platform. Finally, bioinformatic sequence analysis was conducted with DADA2, while species diversity and richness, as well as interactions between the different hosts, were calculated and analyzed in R.
RESULTS
Nematode ITS2 sequences were found in 225 of 262 (86%) samples. In total, 31 taxa were identified, among which 26 (86%) to the species level. These were found in different combinations, among which 24 (77%) occurred in roe deer, 19 (61%) in fallow deer, 20 (65%) in red deer and 10 (32%) in mouflon. Five of the species found are known to be associated with livestock (Chabertia ovina, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus axei). However, in the present study the relative abundance and prevalence of most of these species were low. The most striking exception was T. axei, which was relatively abundant in all wildlife hosts. Mostly a wide range of wildlife specific nematodes such as Ostertagia leptospicularis and Spiculopteragia spp. were identified including the invasive nematode Spiculopteragia houdemeri, which was found for the first time in red deer, fallow deer, and mouflon in Sweden. The difference in the number of shared species between mouflon and all cervids (n = 6) was less than among all three cervids (n = 8).
CONCLUSION
In this study, we investigated the community structure of parasitic intestinal nematodes in four wildlife hosts, and we found that the majority of the parasite species identified were wildlife specific. We also found a new, potentially invasive species not reported before. After comparing the nemabiome of the wildlife hosts in this study with a previous study in sheep from the same geographical region, we conclude that the horizontal transmission potential appears to be relatively low. Still, cross-infections of nematodes between game and sheep cannot be completely ignored.
Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Animals; Animals, Wild; DNA; Deer; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Nematoda; Nematode Infections; Ostertagia; Parasites; Ruminants; Sheep; Sheep, Domestic; Sweden; Trichostrongyloidea
PubMed: 36167594
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05449-7 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jun 2023Parasites are generally overdispersed among their hosts, with far-reaching implications for their population dynamics and control. The factors determining parasite...
Parasites are generally overdispersed among their hosts, with far-reaching implications for their population dynamics and control. The factors determining parasite overdispersion have long been debated. In particular, stochastic parasite acquisition and individual host variation in density-dependent regulation through acquired host immunity have been identified as key factors, but their relative roles and possible interactions have seen little empirical exploration in parasite populations. Here, Taylor's power law is applied to test the hypothesis that periodic parasite removal destabilises the host-parasite relationship and increases variance in parasite burden around the mean. The slope of the power relationship was compared by analysis of covariance among 325 nematode populations in wild and domestic ruminants, exploiting that domestic ruminants are often routinely treated against parasite infections. In spp. and in domestic livestock, the slope increased with the frequency of anthelmintic treatment, supporting this hypothesis. In spp., against which acquired immunity is known to be strong, the slope was significantly greater in post-mortem worm burden data than in faecal egg counts, while this relationship did not hold for the less immunogenic genus . Considered together, these findings suggest that immunity acting through an exposure-dependent reduction in parasite fecundity stabilises variance in faecal egg counts, reducing overdispersion, and that periodic anthelmintic treatment interferes with this process and increases overdispersion. The results have implications for the diagnosis and control of parasitic infections in domestic animals, which are complicated by overdispersion, and for our understanding of parasite distribution in free-living wildlife. Parasite-host systems, in which treatment and immunity effectively mimic metapopulation processes of patch extinction and density dependence, could also yield general insights into the spatio-temporal stability of animal distributions.
PubMed: 37889834
DOI: 10.3390/ani13111882 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Jun 2017The present study was performed to analyze molecularly the phylogenetic positions of human-infecting species in Mazandaran Province, Iran, which is an endemic area for...
The present study was performed to analyze molecularly the phylogenetic positions of human-infecting species in Mazandaran Province, Iran, which is an endemic area for trichostrongyliasis. DNA from 7 infected stool samples were extracted by using in-house (IH) method. PCR amplification of ITS2-rDNA region was performed, and products were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence data was performed using MEGA 5.0 software. Six out of 7 isolates had high similarity with , while the other one showed high homology with registered in GenBank reference sequences. Intra-specific variations within isolates of and amounted to 0-1.8% and 0-0.6%, respectively. species obtained in the present study were in a cluster with the relevant reference sequences from previous studies. BLAST analysis indicated that there was 100% homology among all 6 ITS2 sequences of in the present study and most previously registered sequences of from human, sheep, and goat isolates from Iran and also human isolates from Laos, Thailand, and France. The ITS2 sequence of exhibited 99.4% homology with the human isolate of from Thailand, sheep isolates from New Zealand and Iran, and cattle isolate from USA.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Cattle; DNA, Helminth; DNA, Ribosomal; Feces; Humans; Iran; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sheep; Trichostrongyloidea; Trichostrongyloidiasis
PubMed: 28719952
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.279 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Nov 2023Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) have seriously affected the production and earnings of animal husbandry in various countries, while some species of GINs infect humans....
BACKGROUND
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) have seriously affected the production and earnings of animal husbandry in various countries, while some species of GINs infect humans. At present, little is known about the species and prevalence of GINs in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP).
METHODS
In this study, 528 fresh faecal samples were collected from typical areas in different altitudes with seven species of livestock in Qinghai, Tibet, Gansu and Yunnan Provinces. ITS-2 rRNA gene of nematodes was employed to detect by PCR and sequencing analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of related sequences was performed using MEGA 6.0 software.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of GINs was 80.3% with 20 species of GINs detected, while Teladorsagia circumcincta was the dominant one, and four of which were zoonotic species such as Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus vitrinus and Oesophagostomum stephanostomum.
CONCLUSION
The study provided panoptic information on the prevalence and species diversity of GINs in QTP area, which is useful and valuable for reference of measure formulation in livestock husbandry and public health concerns. The parasites of T. circumcincta, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Strongylus edentatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Telephlebia brevicauda, Cyathostomum catinatum, Mecistocirrus digitatus, Cooperia punctata, Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus, Nematodirus oiratianus and Oesophagostomum asperum were firstly reported the presence in QTP area. The study also showed that horse could be infected by T. circumcincta, goat could be infected by C. nassatus, cattle could be infected by S. edentatus and C. bicoronatus,and O. stephanostomum could infect yak, cattle and Mongolian sheep in worldwide. Nevertheless, more investigations are needed, such as microscopic examination, to accurately determine the species in the region.
Topics: Humans; Cattle; Animals; Sheep; Horses; Tibet; Prevalence; Phylogeny; China; Nematoda; Goats
PubMed: 37882479
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.674 -
Parasites & Vectors Jun 2023Veterinary diagnostics aid intervention strategies, track zoonoses, and direct selective breeding programs in livestock. In ruminants, gastrointestinal nematode (GIN)...
BACKGROUND
Veterinary diagnostics aid intervention strategies, track zoonoses, and direct selective breeding programs in livestock. In ruminants, gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites are a major cause of production losses, but morphologically similar species limit our understanding of how specific GIN co-infections impact health in resource-limited settings. To estimate the presence and relative abundance of GINs and other helminths at the species level, we sought to develop a low-cost and low-resource molecular toolkit applied to goats from rural Malawi smallholdings.
METHODS
Goats were subjected to health scoring and faecal sampling on smallholdings in Lilongwe district, Malawi. Infection intensities were estimated by faecal nematode egg counts with a faecal subsample desiccated for DNA analysis. Two DNA extraction methods were tested (low-resource magbead kit vs high-resource spin-column kit), with resulting DNA screened by endpoint polymerase chain reaction (PCR), semi-quantitative PCR, quantitative PCR (qPCR), high-resolution melt curve analysis (HRMC), and 'nemabiome' internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) amplicon sequencing.
RESULTS
Both DNA isolation methods yielded comparable results despite poorer DNA purity and faecal contaminant carryover from the low-resource magbead method. GINs were detected in 100% of samples regardless of infection intensity. Co-infections with GINs and coccidia (Eimeria spp.) were present in most goats, with GIN populations dominated by Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus axei, and Oesophagostomum columbianum. Both multiplex PCR and qPCR were highly predictive of GIN species proportions obtained using nemabiome amplicon sequencing; however, HRMC was less reliable than PCR in predicting the presence of particular species.
CONCLUSIONS
These data represent the first 'nemabiome' sequencing of GINs from naturally infected smallholder goats in Africa and show the variable nature of GIN co-infections between individual animals. A similar level of granularity was detected by semi-quantitative PCR methods, which provided an accurate summary of species composition. Assessing GIN co-infections is therefore possible using cost-efficient low-resource DNA extraction and PCR approaches that can increase the capacity of molecular resources in areas where sequencing platforms are not available; and also open the door to affordable molecular GIN diagnostics. Given the diverse nature of infections in livestock and wildlife, these approaches have potential for disease surveillance in other areas.
Topics: Animals; Coinfection; Goats; Communicable Diseases; Nematode Infections; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Haemonchus; Trichostrongylus; Malawi
PubMed: 37386642
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05816-y -
Pharmaceutics Sep 2022In this study, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) particles were synthesized and coated with chitosan. Three essential oil (EO) components (eugenol, linalool, and...
In this study, poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) particles were synthesized and coated with chitosan. Three essential oil (EO) components (eugenol, linalool, and geraniol) were entrapped inside these PLGA particles by using the continuous flow-focusing microfluidic method and a partially water-miscible solvent mixture (dichloromethane: acetone mixture (1:10)). Encapsulation of EO components in PLGA particles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction, with encapsulation efficiencies 95.14%, 79.68%, and 71.34% and loading capacities 8.88%, 8.38%, and 5.65% in particles entrapped with eugenol, linalool, and geraniol, respectively. The EO components’ dissociation from the loaded particles exhibited an initial burst release in the first 8 h followed by a sustained release phase at significantly slower rates from the coated particles, extending beyond 5 days. The EO components encapsulated in chitosan coated particles up to 5 μg/mL were not cytotoxic to bovine gut cell line (FFKD-1-R) and had no adverse effect on cell growth and membrane integrity compared with free EO components or uncoated particles. Chitosan coated PLGA particles loaded with combined EO components (10 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the motility of the larval stage of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus axei by 76.9%, and completely inhibited the motility of adult worms (p < 0.05). This nematocidal effect was accompanied by considerable cuticular damage in the treated worms, reflecting a synergistic effect of the combined EO components and an additive effect of chitosan. These results show that encapsulation of EO components, with a potent anthelmintic activity, in chitosan coated PLGA particles improve the bioavailability and efficacy of EO components against ovine gastrointestinal nematodes.
PubMed: 36297465
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102030 -
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and... Dec 2021This study was conducted to generate data on the prevalence, species composition, and factors associated with small ruminant nematode infection in the South Omo zone, in...
OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted to generate data on the prevalence, species composition, and factors associated with small ruminant nematode infection in the South Omo zone, in South-western Ethiopia.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study through fecal nematode parasite examination was conducted. Simple floatation test and coproculture, followed by Baermann technique, were used for nematode egg and third-stage larvae (L3) separation and identification. The McMaster method was used to calculate the egg per gram of feces (EPG).
RESULTS
From a total of 242 sheep and goats examined, 72.34% were infested with single or mixed nematode parasites. District, "Kebele", species, body condition score, and age were significantly ( < 0.05) associated with nematode infestation. Simple logistic regression analysis indicated that nematode infestation in Bena-Tsemay district (78.33%) was significantly ( < 0.05) higher by a factor of 0.54 (OR 95% CI: 0.30-0.96) than Hamer district (66.39%). Among the species, caprine (79.43%) was significantly ( < 0.05) infested than ovine (62.37%) by a factor of 0.45 (OR 95% CI: 0.25-0.81). Moreover, infestation on poor (79.12%) and medium (70.96%) body conditioned animals was higher by a factor of 2.94 (OR 95% CI: 1.41-6.26) and 1.76 (OR 95% CI: 0.88-3.53) than on good body conditioned animals (63.79%). Likewise, infestation in age groups of 1-3 years (78.66%) and >3 years (84.40%) was significantly ( < 0.05) higher by a factor of 4.83 (OR 95% CI: 2.31-10.46) and 8.23 (OR 95% CI: 3.98-17.75) than younger age groups (41.37%), respectively. A moderate parasitic burden was observed on 52.90% of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN)-infested animals with significantly ( < 0.05) higher EPG in females than males. Furthermore, mixed infestation of and (6.19%), and (5.78%), and and (5.78%) were dominantly identified. On the contrary, (15.70%), 8.67%), 7.43%), and (7.02%) were dominant single infestations.
CONCLUSION
The current study revealed the highest prevalence of GIN in the study area, which needs strategic control, needs to enhance community awareness toward GIN control and prevention, and to implement further investigation into anthelminthic efficacy to solve the problem.
PubMed: 35106299
DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h550