-
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental... 2017Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial used so ubiquitously that 75% of the US population is likely exposed to this compound via consumer goods and personal care products.... (Review)
Review
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial used so ubiquitously that 75% of the US population is likely exposed to this compound via consumer goods and personal care products. In September 2016, TCS was banned from soap products following the risk assessment by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, TCS still remains, at high concentrations, in other personal care products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, hand sanitizer, and surgical soaps. TCS is readily absorbed into human skin and oral mucosa and found in various human tissues and fluids. The aim of this review was to describe TCS exposure routes and levels as well as metabolism and transformation processes. The burgeoning literature on human health effects associated with TCS exposure, such as reproductive problems, was also summarized.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Environmental Pollutants; Hand Sanitizers; Humans; Mouthwashes; Soaps; Toothpastes; Triclosan
PubMed: 29182464
DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1399306 -
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,... Dec 2006Triclosan is a common antibacterial chemical currently in widespread use in household and health care-related products. Triclosan was first introduced in 1965 and has... (Review)
Review
Triclosan is a common antibacterial chemical currently in widespread use in household and health care-related products. Triclosan was first introduced in 1965 and has been marketed as cloxifenol, Irgasan CH 3565, and Irgasan DP 300. Its most common use is in antimicrobial hand soaps, but in the United States it can also be found in consumer products such as liquid dishwashing soaps, deodorants, and toothpastes. The concentrations used in products in the United States typically range from 0.15 to 0.3%. While allergy to triclosan-based products is uncommon, several cases of contact dermatitis secondary to triclosan have been reported.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dermatitis, Contact; Humans; Triclosan
PubMed: 17150172
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Environmental Science and... 2020The large-scale applications of Triclosan in industrial and household products have created many health and environmental concerns. Despite the fears of its... (Review)
Review
The large-scale applications of Triclosan in industrial and household products have created many health and environmental concerns. Despite the fears of its drug-resistance and other issues, Triclosan is still an effective drug against many infectious organisms. Knowing the cross-interactions of Triclosan with different antibiotics, bacteria, and humans can provide much-needed information for the risk assessment of this drug. We review the current understanding of the antimicrobial mechanisms of Triclosan, how microbes become resistant to Triclosan, and the synergistic and antagonistic effects of Triclosan with different antibiotics. Current literature on the clinical applications of Triclosan and its effect on fetus/child development are also summarized.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Triclosan
PubMed: 32955413
DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2020.1809286 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2019Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic, chlorinated phenolic antimicrobial agent commonly used in commercial and healthcare products. Items made with TCS include soaps,... (Review)
Review
Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic, chlorinated phenolic antimicrobial agent commonly used in commercial and healthcare products. Items made with TCS include soaps, deodorants, shampoos, cosmetics, textiles, plastics, surgical sutures, and prosthetics. A wealth of information obtained from and studies has demonstrated the therapeutic effects of TCS, particularly against inflammatory skin conditions. Nevertheless, extensive investigations on the molecular aspects of TCS action have identified numerous adversaries associated with the disinfectant including oxidative injury and influence of physiological lifespan and longevity. This review presents a summary of the biochemical alterations pertaining to TCS exposure, with special emphasis on the diverse molecular pathways responsive to TCS that have been elucidated during the present decade.
Topics: Animals; Disinfectants; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Signal Transduction; Triclosan
PubMed: 31191794
DOI: 10.1155/2019/1607304 -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... May 2004Triclosan has activity against many, but not all, types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is bacteriostatic at low concentrations, but higher... (Review)
Review
Triclosan has activity against many, but not all, types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is bacteriostatic at low concentrations, but higher concentrations are bactericidal. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly resistant, whereas methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains are inhibited over a range of approximately 0.1-2 mg/L. Triclosan shows significant activity against some mycobacteria, but is not sporicidal. Its growth-inhibitory properties result from an inhibition of enoyl reductase, FabI. Membrane-destabilizing effects are likely to be responsible for bacterial inactivation by higher concentrations. Resistance can arise from mutations in, and/or overproduction of, FabI, impermeability or efflux. Whilst triclosan resistance in laboratory experiments may be associated with changes in antibiotic susceptibility, comprehensive environmental surveys have not demonstrated any association between triclosan usage and antibiotic resistance. Triclosan has several important uses, and the future aim must be to retain these applications whilst eliminating the more frivolous and unnecessary ones.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Triclosan
PubMed: 15073159
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh171 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jun 2023With the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of disinfectants has grown significantly around the world. Triclosan (TCS), namely 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol or... (Review)
Review
With the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of disinfectants has grown significantly around the world. Triclosan (TCS), namely 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol or 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether, is a broad-spectrum, lipophilic, antibacterial agent that is extensively used in multifarious consumer products. Due to the widespread use and bioaccumulation, TCS is frequently detected in the environment and human biological samples. Accumulating evidence suggests that TCS is considered as a novel endocrine disruptor and may have potential unfavorable effects on human health, but studies on the toxic effect mediated by TCS exposure as well as its underlying mechanisms of action are relatively sparse. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to summarize the potential detrimental effects of TCS exposure on human reproductive health, liver function, intestinal homeostasis, kidney function, thyroid endocrine, and other tissue health, and further explore its mechanisms of action, thereby contributing to the better understanding of TCS characteristics and safety. Moreover, our work suggested the need to further investigate the biological effects of TCS exposure at the metabolic level in vivo.
Topics: Humans; Triclosan; Pandemics; COVID-19; Phenol; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36965724
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163068 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutical... Mar 2018Tuberculosis (TB) represents one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Development of new potential drugs is essential because of the existence of... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis (TB) represents one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Development of new potential drugs is essential because of the existence of latent TB and expansion of drug-resistant TB forms (multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis). Triclosan is a widely used broad-spectrum biocidal agent. It has been shown to inhibit InhA, an essential enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase, resulting in the lysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Triclosan can be considered as a promising compound for the inhibition of InhA and suppression of mycobacterial growth, because this polychlorinated molecule doesn't require any activation and it is able to affect the function of InhA directly. This approach enables to circumvent resistance to isoniazid. The aim of this review is to describe current knowledge about triclosan and its analogues as potential antimycobacterial agents.
Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Triclosan; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 29277667
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.12.013 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Feb 2012Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose biocide. Its wide use in personal care products (PCPs) fosters its dispersal in the aquatic environment. Despite enhanced awareness of... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose biocide. Its wide use in personal care products (PCPs) fosters its dispersal in the aquatic environment. Despite enhanced awareness of both scientists and the public in the last decade with regard to fate and effects, TCS received little attention regarding its prioritisation as a candidate river basin-specific pollutant or even priority substance, due to scarce monitoring data.
METHODS
Applying a new prioritisation methodology, the potential risk of TCS was assessed based on a refined hazard assessment and occurrences at 802 monitoring sites in the Elbe River basin.
RESULTS
The suggested acute-based predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 4.7 ng/l for the standard test species Selenastrum capricornutum was in good agreement with effect concentrations in algal communities and was exceeded in the Elbe River basin at 75% of the sites (limit of quantification of 5 ng/l). The 95th percentile of the maximum environmental concentrations at each site exceeded the PNEC by a factor of 12, indicating potential hazards for algal communities. Among 500 potential river basin-specific pollutants which were recently prioritised, triclosan ranks on position 6 of the most problematic substances, based on the Elbe River data alone.
CONCLUSION
Considering the worldwide application of PCPs containing triclosan, we expect that the TCS problem is not restricted to the Elbe River basin, even if monitoring data from other river basins are scarce. Thus, we suggest to include TCS into routine monitoring programmes and to consider it as an important candidate for prioritisation at the European scale.
Topics: Chlorophyta; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Environmental Monitoring; Risk Assessment; Rivers; Triclosan; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 21833630
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0580-7 -
FEMS Microbiology Letters Aug 2001Triclosan is the active ingredient in a multitude of health care and consumer products with germicidal properties, which have flooded the market in recent years in... (Review)
Review
Triclosan is the active ingredient in a multitude of health care and consumer products with germicidal properties, which have flooded the market in recent years in response to the public's fear of communicable bacteria. Although originally thought to kill bacteria by attacking multiple cellular targets, triclosan was recently shown to target a specific bacterial fatty acid biosynthetic enzyme, enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase, in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as in the Mycobacteria. Triclosan resistance mechanisms include target mutations, increased target expression, active efflux from the cell, and enzymatic inactivation/degradation. These are the same types of mechanisms involved in antibiotic resistance and some of them account for the observed cross-resistance with antibiotics in laboratory isolates. Therefore, there is a link between triclosan and antibiotics, and the widespread use of triclosan-containing antiseptics and disinfectants may indeed aid in development of microbial resistance, in particular cross-resistance to antibiotics.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Enoyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Reductase (NADH); Humans; Membrane Transport Proteins; Oxidoreductases; Triclosan
PubMed: 11506900
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10772.x -
The Science of the Total Environment Apr 2023Triclosan (TCS) has been widely used in daily life because of its broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. The residue of TCS and related compounds in the environment is... (Review)
Review
Triclosan (TCS) has been widely used in daily life because of its broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. The residue of TCS and related compounds in the environment is one of the critical environmental safety problems, and the pandemic of COVID-19 aggravates the accumulation of TCS and related compounds in the environment. Therefore, detecting TCS and related compound residues in the environment is of great significance to human health and environmental safety. The distribution of TCS and related compounds are slightly different worldwide, and the removal methods also have advantages and disadvantages. This paper summarized the research progress on the source, distribution, degradation, analytical extraction, detection, and removal techniques of TCS and related compounds in different environmental samples. The commonly used analytical extraction methods for TCS and related compounds include solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, liquid-phase microextraction, and so on. The determination methods include liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, gas chromatography and related methods, sensors, electrochemical method, capillary electrophoresis. The removal techniques in various environmental samples mainly include biodegradation, advanced oxidation, and adsorption methods. Besides, both the pros and cons of different techniques have been compared and summarized, and the development and prospect of each technique have been given.
Topics: Humans; Triclosan; COVID-19; Chromatography, Liquid; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Solid Phase Extraction
PubMed: 36731573
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161885