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Journal of Athletic Training Sep 2019Comprehensive injury-prevention training (plyometric, agility, balance, and core-stability exercises) has been shown to decrease sport-related injury. The relationship...
CONTEXT
Comprehensive injury-prevention training (plyometric, agility, balance, and core-stability exercises) has been shown to decrease sport-related injury. The relationship between trunk control and sport-related injury has been emphasized; however, the isolated effects of core-muscle training are unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of a simple 8-week core-muscle-training program on the neuromuscular control of the lower limb and trunk during jump landing and single-legged squatting.
DESIGN
Controlled laboratory study.
SETTING
Laboratory.
PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS
Seventeen female collegiate basketball players were randomly divided into training (n = 9; age = 19.7 ± 0.9 years) and control (n = 8; age = 20.3 ± 2.5 years) groups.
INTERVENTION(S)
The training group completed the core-muscle-training program in addition to daily practice, and the control group performed only daily practice. Kinematic and kinetic data during a drop-jump test and single-legged squat were acquired using a 3-dimensional motion-analysis system.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
Three-dimensional hip, knee, and trunk kinematics; knee kinetics; and isokinetic muscle strength were measured at the pretraining and posttraining phases.
RESULTS
For the drop-jump test, the maximal trunk-flexion angle increased ( = .008), and peak knee-valgus moment ( = .008) decreased in the training group. For the single-legged squat, the peak trunk-flexion angle increased ( = .04), and the total amount of trunk lateral-inclination angle ( = .02) and peak knee-valgus moment ( = .008) decreased in the training group. We observed no changes in the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
A consecutive 8-week core-muscle-training program improved lower limb and trunk biomechanics. These altered biomechanical patterns could be favorable to preventing sport-related injuries.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Athletic Injuries; Basketball; Biomechanical Phenomena; Exercise Therapy; Female; Humans; Knee Joint; Lower Extremity; Range of Motion, Articular; Torso; Young Adult
PubMed: 31386583
DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-113-17 -
IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 2018Gait analysis continues to be an important technique for many clinical applications to diagnose and monitor certain diseases. Many mental and physical abnormalities... (Review)
Review
Gait analysis continues to be an important technique for many clinical applications to diagnose and monitor certain diseases. Many mental and physical abnormalities cause measurable differences in a person's gait. Gait analysis has applications in sport, computer games, physical rehabilitation, clinical assessment, surveillance, human recognition, modeling, and many other fields. There are established methods using various sensors for gait analysis, of which accelerometers are one of the most often employed. Accelerometer sensors are generally more user friendly and less invasive. In this paper, we review research regarding accelerometer sensors used for gait analysis with particular focus on clinical applications. We provide a brief introduction to accelerometer theory followed by other popular sensing technologies. Commonly used gait phases and parameters are enumerated. The details of selecting the papers for review are provided. We also review several gait analysis software. Then we provide an extensive report of accelerometry-based gait analysis systems and applications, with additional emphasis on trunk accelerometry. We conclude this review with future research directions.
Topics: Accelerometry; Gait; Gait Analysis; Humans; Monitoring, Ambulatory; Torso
PubMed: 29994786
DOI: 10.1109/RBME.2018.2807182 -
Sports Health 2023Improper baseball pitching biomechanics are associated with increased stresses on the throwing elbow and shoulder as well as an increased risk of injury.
CONTEXT
Improper baseball pitching biomechanics are associated with increased stresses on the throwing elbow and shoulder as well as an increased risk of injury.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
Previous studies quantifying pitching kinematics and kinetics were reviewed.
STUDY DESIGN
Clinical review.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 5.
RESULTS
At the instant of lead foot contact, the elbow should be flexed approximately 90° with the shoulder at about 90° abduction, 20° horizontal abduction, and 45° external rotation. The stride length should be about 85% of the pitcher's height with the lead foot in a slightly closed position. The pelvis should be rotated slightly open toward home plate with the upper torso in line with the pitching direction. Improper shoulder external rotation at foot contact is associated with increased elbow and shoulder torques and forces and may be corrected by changing the stride length and/or arm path. From foot contact to maximum shoulder external rotation to ball release, the pitcher should demonstrate a kinematic chain of lead knee extension, pelvis rotation, upper trunk rotation, elbow extension, and shoulder internal rotation. The lead knee should be flexed about 45° at foot contact and 30° at ball release. Corrective strategies for insufficient knee extension may involve technical issues (stride length, lead foot position, lead foot orientation) and/or strength and conditioning of the lower body. Improper pelvis and upper trunk rotation often indicate the need for core strength and flexibility. Maximum shoulder external rotation should be about 170°. Insufficient external rotation leads to low shoulder internal rotation velocity and low ball velocity. Deviation from 90° abduction decreases the ability to achieve maximum external rotation, increases elbow torque, and decreases the dynamic stability in the glenohumeral joint.
CONCLUSION
Improved pitching biomechanics can increase performance and reduce risk of injury.
SORT
Level C.
Topics: Humans; Baseball; Biomechanical Phenomena; Shoulder; Shoulder Joint; Torso
PubMed: 35465789
DOI: 10.1177/19417381221078537 -
Sports Health 2017The overhand pitch is one of the fastest known human motions and places enormous forces and torques on the upper extremity. Shoulder and elbow pain and injury are common... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
The overhand pitch is one of the fastest known human motions and places enormous forces and torques on the upper extremity. Shoulder and elbow pain and injury are common in high-level pitchers. A large body of research has been conducted to understand the pitching motion.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to gain a full understanding of all currently available biomechanical and clinical evidence surrounding pitching motion analysis. These motion analysis studies use video motion analysis, electromyography, electromagnetic sensors, and markered motion analysis. This review includes studies performed between 1983 and 2016.
STUDY DESIGN
Clinical review.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 5.
RESULTS
The pitching motion is a kinetic chain, in which the force generated by the large muscles of the lower extremity and trunk during the wind-up and stride phases are transferred to the ball through the shoulder and elbow during the cocking and acceleration phases. Numerous kinematic factors have been identified that increase shoulder and elbow torques, which are linked to increased risk for injury.
CONCLUSION
Altered knee flexion at ball release, early trunk rotation, loss of shoulder rotational range of motion, increased elbow flexion at ball release, high pitch velocity, and increased pitcher fatigue may increase shoulder and elbow torques and risk for injury.
Topics: Baseball; Biomechanical Phenomena; Elbow; Humans; Knee; Lower Extremity; Muscle Fatigue; Range of Motion, Articular; Risk Factors; Rotation; Shoulder; Torso; Upper Extremity
PubMed: 28107113
DOI: 10.1177/1941738116686545 -
European Journal of Physical and... Dec 2019There are many land-based or aquatic exercise programs for improving trunk control, balance, and activities of daily living in stroke patients. However, no study has... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
There are many land-based or aquatic exercise programs for improving trunk control, balance, and activities of daily living in stroke patients. However, no study has reported the effects of an exercise program that combines land-based and aquatic trunk exercises in stroke patients.
AIM
To investigate the effects of a land-based and aquatic trunk exercise (LATE) program on trunk control, balance, and activities of daily living in chronic stroke patients.
DESIGN
This study was designed as a single-blind randomized controlled trial.
SETTING
Inpatient rehabilitation ward, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
POPULATION
Twenty-nine patients participated in this study.
METHODS
Participants were randomly allocated to the LATE group (N.=14) and control group (N.=15). The LATE program consisted of land-based and aquatic trunk exercises, performed for 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks as an adjunct to 30 minutes of conventional physical therapy. The control group underwent only conventional physical therapy for 30 minutes each time, twice per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks. The participants were tested before and after the intervention using the Korean Trunk Impairment Scale (K-TIS) and the 5-item, 3-level Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS-3L) to assess trunk control; the 7-item, 3-level Berg Balance Scale (BBS-3L) and the Functional Reach Test (FRT) to evaluate balance; and the Modified Barthel Index (MBI) to assess activities of daily living.
RESULTS
The LATE group exhibited improvements in K-TIS, PASS-3L, BBS-3L, and MBI scores and FRT distance compared with the control group (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study suggest that the LATE program can help improve trunk control, balance, and activities of daily living in chronic stroke patients and may be used as a practical adjunct to conventional physical therapy.
CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT
The LATE program can improve postural control in stroke patients and improve independence in daily activities.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Aged; Disability Evaluation; Exercise Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Postural Balance; Single-Blind Method; Stroke Rehabilitation; Torso; Water
PubMed: 30370752
DOI: 10.23736/S1973-9087.18.05369-8 -
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental... Mar 2014Trunk instability is one of main problems in survivors following stroke. We investigated the effects of weight-shift training (WST) on an unstable surface in sitting... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Trunk instability is one of main problems in survivors following stroke. We investigated the effects of weight-shift training (WST) on an unstable surface in sitting position on trunk control, proprioception, and balance in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke. Eighteen participants with chronic hemiparetic stroke were recruited and were allocated to either WST or control group. The WST group received a weight-shift training program for 30 min and then received a conventional exercise program for 30 min, while the control group received conventional exercise program for 60 min, five times a week for four weeks for both groups. In this randomized control study, we used three outcome measures: trunk reposition error (TRE), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. TRE was measured by each participant's reposition error to the target angle during his/her active trunk movement. TIS and TUG were examined for trunk control abilities and dynamic balance abilities, respectively. After training, TRE showed significantly greater improvement in the WST group (mean change, 1.67 ± 1.45˚) than the control group (mean change, 0.08 ± 1.05˚). The TIS score was significantly higher in the WST group (mean change, 2.33 ± 1.50) than the control group (mean change, 0.13 ± 0.83). The TUG test also showed a significant improvement in the WST group (mean change, 5.03 ± 1.88 sec) than the control group (mean change, 2.59 ± 1.86 sec). Our findings indicate that weight-shift training is beneficial for improving trunk control and proprioception in patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke.
Topics: Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Chronic Disease; Exercise Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Paresis; Postural Balance; Proprioception; Stroke; Stroke Rehabilitation; Torso
PubMed: 24646921
DOI: 10.1620/tjem.232.195 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2021Trunk stability exercises that focus on either deep or superficial muscles might produce different effects on lumbar segmental motion. This study compared outcomes in 34... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The Effects of Core Stabilization Exercise with the Abdominal Drawing-in Maneuver Technique versus General Strengthening Exercise on Lumbar Segmental Motion in Patients with Clinical Lumbar Instability: A Randomized Controlled Trial with 12-Month Follow-Up.
Trunk stability exercises that focus on either deep or superficial muscles might produce different effects on lumbar segmental motion. This study compared outcomes in 34 lumbar instability patients in two exercises at 10 weeks and 12 months follow up. Participants were divided into either Core stabilization (deep) exercise, incorporating abdominal drawing-in maneuver technique (CSE with ADIM), or General strengthening (superficial) exercise (STE). Outcome measures were pain, muscle activation, and lumbar segmental motion. Participants in CSE with ADIM had significantly less pain than those in STE at 10 weeks. They showed significantly more improvement of abdominal muscle activity ratio than participants in STE at 10 weeks and 12 months follow-up. Participants in CSE with ADIM had significantly reduced sagittal translation at L4-L5 and L5-S1 compared with STE at 10 weeks. Participants in CSE with ADIM had significantly reduced sagittal translations at L4-L5 and L5-S1 compared with participants in STE at 10 weeks, whereas STE demonstrated significantly increased sagittal rotation at L4-L5. However, at 12 months follow-up, levels of lumbar sagittal translation were increased in both groups. CSE with ADIM which focuses on increasing deep trunk muscle activity can reduce lumbar segmental translation and should be recommended for lumbar instability.
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Joint Instability; Lumbar Vertebrae; Lumbosacral Region; Torso
PubMed: 34360103
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157811 -
The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports... Jun 2019Compared to healthy individuals, patients with low back pain demonstrate differences in all aspects of trunk motor control that are most often studied as differences in...
Compared to healthy individuals, patients with low back pain demonstrate differences in all aspects of trunk motor control that are most often studied as differences in muscle activity and kinematics. However, differences in these aspects of motor control are largely inconsistent. We propose that this may reflect the existence of 2 phenotypes or possibly the ends of a spectrum, with "tight control" over trunk movement at one end and "loose control" at the other. Both may have beneficial effects, with tight control protecting against large tissue strains from uncontrolled movement and loose control protecting against high muscle forces and resulting spinal compression. Both may also have long-term negative consequences. For example, whereas tight control may cause high compressive loading on the spine and sustained muscle activity, loose control may cause excessive tensile strains of tissues. Moreover, both phenotypes could be the result of either an adaptation process aimed at protecting the low back or direct interference of low back pain and related changes with trunk motor control. The existence of such phenotypes would suggest different motor control exercise interventions. Although some promising data supporting these phenotypes have been reported, it remains to be shown whether these phenotypes are valid, how treatment can be targeted to these phenotypes, and whether this targeting yields superior clinical outcomes. .
Topics: Humans; Low Back Pain; Motor Activity; Muscle, Skeletal; Torso
PubMed: 29895230
DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2019.7917 -
Developmental Biology Dec 2018The migration and distribution patterns of neural crest (NC) cells reflect the distinct embryonic environments of the head and trunk: cephalic NC cells migrate... (Review)
Review
The migration and distribution patterns of neural crest (NC) cells reflect the distinct embryonic environments of the head and trunk: cephalic NC cells migrate predominantly along the dorsolateral pathway to populate the craniofacial and pharyngeal regions, whereas trunk crest cells migrate along the ventrolateral pathways to form the dorsal root ganglia. These two patterns thus reflect the branchiomeric and somitomeric architecture, respectively, of the vertebrate body plan. The so-called vagal NC occupies a postotic, intermediate level between the head and trunk NC. This level of NC gives rise to both trunk- and cephalic-type (circumpharyngeal) NC cells. The anatomical pattern of the amphioxus, a basal chordate, suggests that somites and pharyngeal gills coexist along an extensive length of the body axis, indicating that the embryonic environment is similar to that of vertebrate vagal NC cells and may have been ancestral for vertebrates. The amniote-like condition in which the cephalic and trunk domains are distinctly separated would have been brought about, in part, by anteroposterior reduction of the pharyngeal domain.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Body Patterning; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Cerebellum; Ganglia, Spinal; Germ Layers; Head; Humans; Neural Crest; Neural Tube; Neurons; Organogenesis; Pharynx; Torso; Vertebrates
PubMed: 29408469
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.017 -
Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Sep 2016To evaluate the efficacy and influential factors for 308 nm excimer laser in the treatment of stable vitiligo patients.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy and influential factors for 308 nm excimer laser in the treatment of stable vitiligo patients.
METHODS
A total of 207 stable vitiligo patients with 1 763 patches were treated with 308 nm excimer laser. Open-label study was carried out to investigate the efficacy and safety regarding the treatment with 308 nm excimer laser, and to compare the response under different conditions including gender, age, duration, lesion location, and hair color.
RESULTS
After treatment, 560 (31.8%) patches achieved 100% repigmentation, 650 (36.9%) lesions showed 75%-99% repigmentation, 189(10.7%) showed 50%-75% repigmentation, 231(13.1%) showed 25%-49% repigmentation, 108(6.1%) showed 1%-24% repigmentation, 25(1.4%) displayed no response. The rates of total excellent response (50%-100% repigmentation) in underage patients was 86.9%, much higher than that in adult patients (P<0.001). Total excellent response rates was 90.6% in disease duration <2 years, and 40.7% in disease duration ≥2 years. Lesions on the faciocervical region responded better than trunk and limbs, showing 95.4%, 70.3%, and 41.7% total excellent response, respectively. Patients with poliosis showed 54.9% in total excellent response rate, much lower than 84.5% in patients without poliosis(P<0.001). No significant response differences in gender were found.
CONCLUSION
308 nm excimer laser is effective and safe in treatment of vitiligo. Aging, disease duration, lesion location, and hair color in lesion may be the influential factors for 308 nm excimer laser in treatment of vitiligo patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Extremities; Face; Female; Hair Color; Humans; Lasers, Excimer; Male; Skin Pigmentation; Torso; Treatment Outcome; Vitiligo
PubMed: 27640798
DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2016.09.014