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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2020Trypanosomiases are diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus . In humans, this includes Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. There are few... (Review)
Review
Trypanosomiases are diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus . In humans, this includes Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. There are few therapeutic options, and there is low efficacy to clinical treatment. Therefore, the search for new drugs for the trypanosomiasis is urgent. This review describes studies of the trypanocidal properties of essential oils, an important group of natural products widely found in several tropical countries. Seventy-seven plants were selected from literature for the trypanocidal activity of their essential oils. The main chemical constituents and mechanisms of action are also discussed. In vitro and in vivo experimental data show the therapeutic potential of these natural products for the treatment of infections caused by species of .
Topics: Animals; Chagas Disease; Humans; Oils, Volatile; Plant Extracts; Trypanocidal Agents; Trypanosoma brucei brucei; Trypanosoma cruzi; Trypanosomiasis, African
PubMed: 33036315
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194568 -
Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) Jan 1997African (sleeping sickness) and American (Chagas' disease) trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the family Trypanosomatidae, are diseases that are endemic in parts of... (Review)
Review
African (sleeping sickness) and American (Chagas' disease) trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the family Trypanosomatidae, are diseases that are endemic in parts of Africa and Latin America, respectively. Physicians in developed countries may occasionally see cases because of extensive travel and immigration from endemic countries. Although neurological involvement is common in both, its incidence and clinical presentation differ considerably. African trypanosomiasis, caused by subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei (T b rhodesiense, T b gambiense), is transmitted by the tsetse fly and causes meningoencephalitis, in which somnolence is a prominent feature. Parasites may reach the brain parenchyma through the choroid plexus or the Virchow Robin spaces. American trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by reduviid bugs. While lesions in the central nervous system are not prominent, except in the reactivated forms which occur in immunodeficient patients, the peripheral nerve, mainly the autonomic nervous system, is frequently involved, leading to the cardiomegaly and the digestive megaviscera. Congenital infections may also occur. In this paper we give an account of the epidemiology, clinical presentation and pathological features of these two protozoal infections based on human and experimental studies of both the central and peripheral nervous system.
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System Diseases; Chagas Disease; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Recurrence; Trypanosomiasis, African; Zoonoses
PubMed: 9034568
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1997.tb01077.x -
Trends in Parasitology Jun 2020
Topics: Animals; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Life Cycle Stages; Trypanosoma brucei brucei; Trypanosomiasis
PubMed: 31757771
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.10.007 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2021Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan infection affecting both human and animals in almost all parts of the world. It can affect a very large range of domestic and wild hosts... (Review)
Review
Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan infection affecting both human and animals in almost all parts of the world. It can affect a very large range of domestic and wild hosts including camelids, equines, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other carnivores, deer, gazelles and elephants. This review paper was designed to address the effect of this economically important disease in countries on the Red Sea, especially in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, and Saudi Arabia during the period 2010 to 2020. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis is different between these countries due to different types of diagnostic methods (Giemsa-stained blood smears, Hematocrit centrifugation, Serological test, and molecular analysis PCR) used and differential distribution of vector (Tse tse) flies. In current review, retrospective studies of published literature on distribution and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in the Red Sea Countries was conducted [Google Scholar and PubMed were used to retrieve the published literature from 2000-2020. A total of 77 published articles met the eligibility criteria and were reviewed. A total of 16 reports have been reported on the prevalence and distribution of Trypnosoma evansi infection in the Red Sea Countries have been from 2010-2020]. According to the published literature, we can say that trypanosomiasis in camels are more prevalent in Sudan than in other countries, followed by 17% and 51.78% in both clinical and non-clinical cases. Hence, the reliable diagnostic tests should be used for rapid treatment or control of the disease as if not treated appropriately in early-stage, can lead to death of the camels.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Deer; Dogs; Horses; Indian Ocean; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Sheep; Swine; Trypanosomiasis
PubMed: 34706027
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.251671 -
Parasites & Vectors Feb 2022This review focuses on the most reliable and up-to-date methods for diagnosing trypanosomoses, a group of diseases of wild and domestic mammals, caused by trypanosomes,... (Review)
Review
This review focuses on the most reliable and up-to-date methods for diagnosing trypanosomoses, a group of diseases of wild and domestic mammals, caused by trypanosomes, parasitic zooflagellate protozoans mainly transmitted by insects. In Africa, the Americas and Asia, these diseases, which in some cases affect humans, result in significant illness in animals and cause major economic losses in livestock. A number of pathogens are described in this review, including several Salivarian trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei sspp. (among which are the agents of sleeping sickness, the human African trypanosomiasis [HAT]), Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax (causing "Nagana" or animal African trypanosomosis [AAT]), Trypanosoma evansi ("Surra") and Trypanosoma equiperdum ("Dourine"), and Trypanosoma cruzi, a Stercorarian trypanosome, etiological agent of the American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Diagnostic methods for detecting zoonotic trypanosomes causing Chagas disease and HAT in animals, as well as a diagnostic method for detecting animal trypanosomes in humans (the so-called "atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes" [a-HT]), including T. evansi and Trypanosoma lewisi (a rat parasite), are also reviewed. Our goal is to present an integrated view of the various diagnostic methods and techniques, including those for: (i) parasite detection; (ii) DNA detection; and (iii) antibody detection. The discussion covers various other factors that need to be considered, such as the sensitivity and specificity of the various diagnostic methods, critical cross-reactions that may be expected among Trypanosomatidae, additional complementary information, such as clinical observations and epizootiological context, scale of study and logistic and cost constraints. The suitability of examining multiple specimens and samples using several techniques is discussed, as well as risks to technicians, in the context of specific geographical regions and settings. This overview also addresses the challenge of diagnosing mixed infections with different Trypanosoma species and/or kinetoplastid parasites. Improving and strengthening procedures for diagnosing animal trypanosomoses throughout the world will result in a better control of infections and will significantly impact on "One Health," by advancing and preserving animal, human and environmental health.
Topics: Animals; Dourine; Rats; Trypanosoma; Trypanosoma congolense; Trypanosoma vivax; Trypanosomiasis; Trypanosomiasis, African
PubMed: 35183235
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05190-1 -
ELife Jul 2022causes a syndrome of variable severity in animals in Africa. Cerebral trypanosomiasis is a severe form, but the mechanism underlying this severity remains unknown. We...
causes a syndrome of variable severity in animals in Africa. Cerebral trypanosomiasis is a severe form, but the mechanism underlying this severity remains unknown. We developed a mouse model of acute cerebral trypanosomiasis and characterized the cellular, behavioral, and physiological consequences of this infection. We show large parasite sequestration in the brain vasculature for long periods of time (up to 8 hr) and extensive neuropathology that associate with ICAM1-mediated recruitment and accumulation of T cells in the brain parenchyma. Antibody-mediated ICAM1 blocking and lymphocyte absence reduce parasite sequestration in the brain and prevent the onset of cerebral trypanosomiasis. Here, we establish a mouse model of acute cerebral trypanosomiasis and we propose a mechanism whereby parasite sequestration, host ICAM1, and CD4 T cells play a pivotal role.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Mice; Parasites; Trypanosoma congolense; Trypanosomiasis; Trypanosomiasis, African
PubMed: 35787830
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.77440 -
Parasite Immunology Aug 2011
Topics: Animals; Genetic Variation; Humans; Livestock; Trypanocidal Agents; Trypanosoma; Trypanosomiasis, African; Virulence
PubMed: 21609334
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01302.x -
International Journal For Parasitology May 2001In July 2000, Heads of State of the 36th Session of the Organisation for African Unity signed a potentially important declaration on African trypanosomiasis, urging... (Review)
Review
In July 2000, Heads of State of the 36th Session of the Organisation for African Unity signed a potentially important declaration on African trypanosomiasis, urging member states "to act collectively to rise to the challenge of eliminating the problem through concerted efforts in mobilising the necessary human, financial and material resources required to render Africa tsetse-free within the shortest time possible". To many, such an ambitious dream is received with some scepticism, recalling the doubts that surrounded a similar declaration signed in Brasilia in 1991, which paved the way for the Southern Cone Initiative against American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). True, the two diseases are quite different. But the operational challenges are quite similar, and there are sufficient biological parallels to suggest that the Latin American experience in controlling Chagas disease may provide a useful model for the control of African trypanosomiasis.
Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; Animals; Cattle; Chagas Disease; Humans; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; South America; Triatominae; Trypanosoma; Trypanosomiasis, African; Trypanosomiasis, Bovine; Tsetse Flies
PubMed: 11334951
DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00162-x -
Open Biology May 2019Parasitic diseases, such as sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and malaria, remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but particularly in tropical,... (Review)
Review
Parasitic diseases, such as sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and malaria, remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but particularly in tropical, developing countries. Controlling these diseases requires a better understanding of host-parasite interactions, including a deep appreciation of parasite distribution in the host. The preferred accumulation of parasites in some tissues of the host has been known for many years, but recent technical advances have allowed a more systematic analysis and quantifications of such tissue tropisms. The functional consequences of tissue tropism remain poorly studied, although it has been associated with important aspects of disease, including transmission enhancement, treatment failure, relapse and clinical outcome. Here, we discuss current knowledge of tissue tropism in Trypanosoma infections in mammals, describe potential mechanisms of tissue entry, comparatively discuss relevant findings from other parasitology fields where tissue tropism has been extensively investigated, and reflect on new questions raised by recent discoveries and their potential impact on clinical treatment and disease control strategies.
Topics: Animals; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Organ Specificity; Tissue Distribution; Tropism; Trypanosoma; Trypanosomiasis
PubMed: 31088251
DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190036 -
Annual Review of Pharmacology and... 2014Owing to the absence of antiparasitic vaccines and the constant threat of drug resistance, the development of novel antiparasitic chemotherapies remains of major... (Review)
Review
Owing to the absence of antiparasitic vaccines and the constant threat of drug resistance, the development of novel antiparasitic chemotherapies remains of major importance for disease control. A better understanding of drug transport (uptake and efflux), drug metabolism and the identification of drug targets, and mechanisms of drug resistance would facilitate the development of more effective therapies. Here, we focus on malaria and African trypanosomiasis. We review existing drugs and drug development, emphasizing high-throughput genomic and genetic approaches, which hold great promise for elucidating antiparasitic mechanisms. We describe the approaches and technologies that have been influential for each parasite and develop new ideas for future research directions, including mode-of-action studies for drug target deconvolution.
Topics: Antiparasitic Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Design; Drug Resistance; Genome, Protozoan; Genomics; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Malaria; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Phenotype; Trypanosomiasis
PubMed: 24050701
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135915